Sci Transl Med:合成生物学开发全新疗法:用来治病的“活体药”

2019-02-10 佚名 中国生物技术网

一种由基因改造细菌制成的“活体药”在一项里程碑式的试验中,延长了患有严重代谢性疾病动物的寿命。

一种由基因改造细菌制成的“活体药”在一项里程碑式的试验中,延长了患有严重代谢性疾病动物的寿命。 

研究人员通过制造一种常见细菌菌株来清除体内多余的氨,从而创造了这种药物。已知高水平氨对于肝损伤和罕见遗传疾病患者来说是致命的。该研究近日已发表在《Science Translational Medicine》上,由麻省理工学院联合创办的Synlogic公司完成。

测试结果表明,这些微生物降低了氨的危险水平,并提高易感小鼠的存活率。一项对健康人群进行的小规模试验表明该细菌可以如预期那样工作,并且是安全的。

研究第一作者Caroline Kurtz说:“通过改造这些细菌,我们能控制它们在人体肠道中的作用。它也让我们考虑到很多其他疾病,治疗这些疾病时,我们需要为患者生产有益物质,或移除某些有毒物质。”

研究人员关注于一种名为高氨血症的疾病。当该疾病发生时,血液中的毒性的氨会积聚并影响大脑。病症轻微的患者会感觉恶心、没有口,兴奋不起来,但是在严重的情况下,它会导致不可逆转且致命的脑损伤。大部分接受治疗的高氨血症都有肝脏损伤,使肝脏无法将血液中的氨转化为尿液。高氨血症也会影响患有罕见遗传疾病的人。这些疾病会破坏肝脏处理氨的能力,大约一半在体内循环的氨被认为来自肠道细菌。

在该研究中,研究人员利用大肠杆菌nissle设计了他们的活体药物。一个多世纪以来,人类一直把nissle作为益生菌。在肠道中,它将氨转化为精氨酸,这是一种能降低血压的氨基酸。

研究人员调整了这种细菌的基因,使它们到达肠道中的低氧环境时会消耗比平时更多的氨。进一步的基因修改确保该细菌无法繁殖且无法定植于肠道。

然后,研究人员将这些修改过的细菌植入处理氨能力受损的小鼠体内。这些微生物使小鼠体内氨水平降低了一半并提升其存活率。所有未接受治疗的小鼠都在一周内死亡,而植入这些基因修饰细菌的小鼠在10天之后仍然存活。



图片来源:《Science Translational Medicine》

为了测试该疗法对人体的安全性,有52名健康志愿者参与了第一阶段试验,他们被植入这些细菌。研究人员没发现严重的副作用,微生物也表现出预期的行为。当细菌将氨转化为精氨酸时,这些氨基酸被分解成硝酸盐,然后迅速地从尿液中排出。测试结果表明,接受最高剂量细菌志愿者尿液中的硝酸盐水平最高,这意味着更多的氨被清除。

Synlogic公司的总裁Aoife Brennan说,如果停止治疗,这些细菌会在两周内从体内清除,这表明该细菌不会永久定植在肠道中。

研究人员还必须考虑的另一个问题是,肠道中的其他微生物是否会获得这些基因修饰细菌的新基因。因为细菌对于与谁共享基因并不是特别挑剔,它们通常会通过称为水平基因转移的过程交换DNA。

根据研究人员的说法,该药物中使用的大肠杆菌菌株不会与其他细菌偶联。但是如果一些被修改的基因进入其他细菌,那这些细菌也不会拥有使它们能够胡作非为的优势。Brennan说:“我们设计的这种细菌不太可能进行任何转移。”

帝国理工学院英国合成生物学创新与知识中心的联合主任Paul Freemont说:“仅仅在几年前,在益生菌疗法中利用工程化肠道细菌还只是一个幻想,但现在我们开始看到利用合生生物学技术开发出全新疗法的希望,对肠道细菌进行改造,使其能够将高水平的氨转化为无害的精氨酸,这真是惊人的!”

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    2019-12-27 bsmagic9140
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    2019-02-12 kcb074
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