JGH Open:肝细胞癌的危险因素总结

2020-07-13 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

肝细胞癌(HCC)属于原发性肝癌,是2019年全球癌症相关死亡的第三大主要原因,每年新增病例约841,000例,死亡782,000例。全球HCC发病率约10.1例/10万人-年。全球范围内,80%的H

肝细胞癌(HCC)属于原发性肝癌,是2019年全球癌症相关死亡的第三大主要原因,每年新增病例约841,000例,死亡782,000例。全球HCC发病率约10.1例/10万人-年。全球范围内,80%的HCC病例发生在撒哈拉以南非洲和东亚。

HCC的主要风险因素因地区而异。值得注意的是,HCC的发病率不仅取决于种族/民族、性别、年龄和地理/人口区域因素,还取决于几个风险因素,如肝硬化、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染、过量饮酒、非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)、肥胖、糖尿病代谢综合征和环境毒性。

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根据目前的研究进展,HCC的危险因素总结如下。

肝硬化

肝硬化是HCC发生的主要风险因素,约80%的HCC发生在肝硬化的基础上。与没有肝硬化的患者相比,肝硬化患者发生HCC的风险增加了30倍以上。根据一项使用美国人口普查和国家死亡率数据库的研究,年龄标准化肝硬化相关死亡率从2007年的19.77例/10万人上升到了2016年的23.67例/10万人,年增长率为2.3%(95%置信区间为2.0-2.7)。为了降低肝癌发生率和病死率,肝硬化患者应加强早期预防、早期诊断、早期治疗。

HBV感染

乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染是亚洲流行地区HCC的主要原因。慢性HBV感染者罹患HCC的风险可能增加5-100倍。在早期阶段,HBV感染是无症状的,15%-40%的慢乙肝患者将在其一生中进展为肝硬化或肝硬化相关并发症,其中老年男性患者的风险最高。2007年至2016年期间,HBV相关肝硬化的死亡率平均下降了1.1%。在全球范围内,共计有44%的HCC病例可归因于慢性HBV感染,大多数病例发生在东亚。

在世界范围内,肝癌最常见的风险因素是乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)或丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的慢性(长期)感染。这些感染会导致肝硬化,并导致肝癌成为世界上许多地区最常见的癌症。

在美国,丙型肝炎感染是HCC的常见原因,而在亚洲和发展中国家,乙型肝炎更常见。感染这两种病毒的人患慢性肝炎,肝硬化和肝癌的风险很高。如果他们是重度饮酒者,风险则会更高。

HCV感染

与HBV相比,慢性丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染导致HCC风险增加15-20倍。HCV相关HCC的发生率在感染30年后为1%-3%,主要见于进展期肝纤维化或肝硬化患者,一旦发展成为肝硬化,HCC的年发生率为2%-4%。

生活方式因素(饮酒和吸烟)

饮酒作为一大主要危险因素或与HBV、HCV或糖尿病协同,导致HCC风险增加。连续10年每天饮酒量超过80g者罹患HCC的风险可增加5倍。在2007年至2016年期间,酒精相关性肝病(ALD)肝硬化的死亡率平均每年增加4.5%。在世界范围内,大约26%的HCC病例可以归因于饮酒。与女性相比,男性饮酒的比例更高。酒精滥用是肝硬化的主要原因,反过来又与肝癌风险增加有关。

香烟中含有4000多种化学物质,这些化学物质可能具有各种毒性、致突变性和致癌性。几项流行病学研究表明,吸烟是HCC进展中的一个轻微风险因素。烟草中的一些化学物质,如4-氨基联苯和多环芳烃,会产生导致HCC的活性物质。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病

目前,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是最常见的肝病,全球患病率为25%。NAFLD通常被认为是一种不进展的肝脏脂肪变性,很少与肝脏并发症相关。然而,至少20%-30%的NAFLD患者伴有坏死性炎症和纤维化,10%-20%的病例可进展为肝硬化,一部分患者可进一步进展为HCC。此外,20%的NAFLD相关HCC没有肝硬化的证据。不过,与丙型肝炎、乙型肝炎和酒精性肝硬化患者相比,NAFLD患者所面临的HCC风险显著更低。

肥胖

全球9%的HCC病例或由肥胖导致。肥胖是一种代谢紊乱,通过慢性炎症增加了HCC风险。肥胖与较高的脂肪分解率、血浆游离脂肪酸和甘油三酯有关。肥胖不仅会诱发致癌的慢性炎症,还会导致内分泌系统的改变,这可能会增加罹患NAFLD和HCC的风险。

NASH患病率的上升部分导致了肥胖和肥胖相关疾病的进展,这反过来又增加了HCC的风险。肥胖和HCC风险之间的确切联系机制尚不清楚。然而,最近的研究表明,肥胖相关HCC有几种分子途径。这些因素包括导致胰岛素和胰岛素样生长因子水平升高的胰岛素抵抗、脂肪组织重构、促炎性细胞因子和脂肪因子分泌、慢性炎症和肠道微生物群的改变。

糖尿病及代谢综合征

糖尿病和代谢综合征都与NAFLD和NASH的发病率上升有关,最终会增加肝硬化和HCC的风险。全世界约7%的HCC病例可归因于糖尿病。最近的一项研究估计,有糖尿病病史的患者罹患肝癌的风险增加了2-3倍。根据美国的研究数据,2型糖尿病与HCC风险增加相关(HR,4.59;95% CI,2.98–7.07),这一风险随着糖尿病持续时间的延长和合并代谢疾病而增加,老年、女性合并丙型肝炎可增加这一风险。研究显示,二甲双胍(1000 mg/d)的使用降低了HCC风险,这表明二甲双胍可用作预防剂来改善2型糖尿病患者的HCC风险。更好地理解肥胖的遗传和表观遗传改变或可为治疗HCC提供新的靶点。

2型糖尿病与肝癌风险增加有关,通常是患有其他危险因素的患者,如重度酒精使用和/或慢性病毒性肝炎。这种风险可能会增加,因为患有2型糖尿病的人往往会超重或肥胖,这反过来会导致肝脏问题。

环境毒素

黄曲霉毒素(AF)是黄曲霉菌和寄生曲霉菌等产毒菌株产生的次生代谢产物,是一种强毒性物质。这些致癌物质是由一种污染花生,小麦,大豆,花生,玉米和大米的真菌制成的。在潮湿,温暖的环境中储存可导致这种真菌的生长。虽然这种情况几乎可以在世界任何地方发生,但在温暖和热带国家更为常见。天然污染的食物中,黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)最常见,是目前已知最强的化学致癌物之一。黄曲霉毒素B1暴露是导致HCC的重要因素。美国和欧洲等发达国家通过测试来调节食品中黄曲霉毒素的含量。暴露于高水平AFB1的个体中可发现肿瘤抑制基因p53的突变。

三氯乙烯(TCE)、镉、铅、镍、铊和砷等化学物质对地下水的污染,以及人类接触甲苯、苯并[a]芘和二甲苯等有机溶剂,都显示出增加HCC风险。职业接触二氯二苯三氯乙烷(DDT)和亚硝胺等化学品是HCC的另一个风险因素。这些物质通过调节CYP3A1基因和缩短端粒(通过在每条DNA链的末端加帽来维持染色体的完整性)来发挥致癌作用。

二氧化钍(Thorotrast)是一种化学物质,过去曾作为某些X射线测试的一部分注入某些患者体内。当识别出这些化学物质的致癌特性时,采取措施消除它们或尽量减少它们的暴露。Thorotrast不再使用,工人接触氯乙烯应受到严格管制。

遗传因素

目前发现不少基因与肝癌发生与发展相关,如CTNNB1, ALB, TP53 (males), AXIN1 (females) 与肝癌显著相关。在亚洲人中 TP53和 CDKN2A相关。另外,长链非编码抿Lnc‐FTX与肝癌在不同性别中的差异有关。

其它因素

原发性胆汁性肝硬化

某些类型的影响肝脏的自身免疫性疾病也可引起肝硬化。例如,还存在称为原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)的疾病。在PBC中,肝脏中的胆管受损甚至被破坏,导致肝硬化。患有晚期PBC的人患肝癌的风险很高。

遗传性代谢疾病

某些遗传性代谢疾病可导致肝硬化。患有遗传性血色素沉着症的人从他们的食物中吸收过多的铁。铁沉淀在整个身体的组织中,包括肝脏。如果足够的铁在肝脏中积聚,它可能导致肝硬化和肝癌。

 

增加患肝癌风险的疾病还包括酪氨酸、Alpha1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症、Porphyria cutanea tarda、糖原贮积病、威尔逊病等。

原始出处:

Thylur RP, Roy SK, Shrivastava A, LaVeist TA, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Assessment of risk factors, and racial and ethnic differences in hepatocellular carcinoma. JGH Open. 2020;4(3):351-359. Published 2020 Apr 15. doi:10.1002/jgh3.12336

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    2021-03-27 xjy02
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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1728599, encodeId=c5171e28599a8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=986913980dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13980, encryptionId=986913980dd, topicName=PE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f06c33759375, createdName=feather89, createdTime=Tue Mar 30 19:22:27 CST 2021, time=2021-03-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1863511, encodeId=bc121863511e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c0b68135561' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肝细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81355, encryptionId=c0b68135561, topicName=肝细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d59291, createdName=xjy02, createdTime=Sat Mar 27 19:22:27 CST 2021, time=2021-03-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1979007, encodeId=4e6d19e900774, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b90e79787f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77978, encryptionId=3b90e79787f, topicName=细胞癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e457184, createdName=qingting, createdTime=Fri Oct 02 04:22:27 CST 2020, time=2020-10-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=885087, encodeId=3d7288508e1b, content=很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c8d45413797, createdName=ms8000002022530001, createdTime=Mon Sep 14 08:57:14 CST 2020, time=2020-09-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=807444, encodeId=de4880e44442, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=93, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLnR9xwj8ge5xqcEMDjFsRExicpGgj0a640qs75D8PtVGXibKlTdwqYqZupnu76a7yR3Y8IcNFohZsg/132, createdBy=0d885104065, createdName=冬日紫阳, createdTime=Tue Aug 11 09:52:07 CST 2020, time=2020-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=803030, encodeId=198e8030301d, content=肥胖是一种代谢紊乱,通过慢性炎症和肠道微生物群的改变增加了HCC风险。 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211019/df01a4bfb64246379ddfef3370d04115/e1274c8eb5e440918f56f83bcfea9031.jpg, createdBy=3a345397082, createdName=Jessica, createdTime=Thu Jul 16 21:52:59 CST 2020, time=2020-07-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-09-14 ms8000002022530001

    很好

    0

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    2020-08-11 冬日紫阳

    学习了

    0

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    2020-07-16 Jessica

    肥胖是一种代谢紊乱,通过慢性炎症和肠道微生物群的改变增加了HCC风险。

    0

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