临床心得:长期胸腔积液,警惕非特异性胸膜炎

2019-06-22 施焕中 健康报医生频道

自从内科胸腔镜引入胸膜疾病的诊断之后,绝大多数胸腔积液的病因诊断就变得不再困难。然而,总有极少数患者即使经过严格规范的诊断程序包括胸腔镜检查之后,仍然得不到明确的诊断,此即为所谓的非特异性胸膜炎。


自从内科胸腔镜引入胸膜疾病的诊断之后,绝大多数胸腔积液的病因诊断就变得不再困难。然而,总有极少数患者即使经过严格规范的诊断程序包括胸腔镜检查之后,仍然得不到明确的诊断,此即为所谓的非特异性胸膜炎。

非特异性胸膜炎没有一个严格的定义,胸膜活检的组织学发现为胸膜慢性炎症,大多有纤维组织增生,可见较多淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润。临床上通常表现为反复出现渗出性胸腔积液,以淋巴细胞浸润为主。笔者见过病史最长的一例患者病程为16年,目前仍然不定期胸穿排液以减轻呼吸困难。本文以笔者所在团队收集的52例非特异性胸膜炎病例和随访资料向读者介绍该病的特点与注意事项。

多种疾病均可导致

非特性胸膜炎不是一种单独的疾病,而是原因暂时尚未明确的一组累及胸膜的疾病总称。52例资料显示,患者平均年龄为61.5±16.4岁;其中31例为男性,21例为女性;平均随访时间是35.5±40.9个月(范围1~143个月)。

随访资料显示,共有31例患者(59.6%)最终得到病因学诊断。其中,8例(15.4%)被诊断为胸膜恶性肿瘤,其中5例间皮瘤、2例肺腺癌、以及1例胸腺瘤。2例肺腺癌和1例胸腺瘤患者CT扫描高度怀疑为恶性,1个月内经胸腔积液涂片或者针肺活检确诊,诊断过程相对比较容易。出现假阳性的肿瘤大部分是间皮瘤。除胸膜活检样本组织块较小,不足以提供足够的病例信息外,原因还可能与恶性间皮瘤快速增长有关。间皮瘤病理学诊断本就非常困难,不少情况下即使配合免疫组化也难以作为判断。

此外,由于恶性间皮瘤可能只发生在间皮下,医生要以胸腔镜在大致正常的胸膜表面肉眼观察到病灶是很困难的。也就是说,胸膜活检时很可能咬检不到病变组织。

其余23例诊断为良性疾病,其中8例诊断为结核性胸膜炎,6例心功能不全,5例肺炎旁胸腔积液,2例肺栓塞以及2例硅肺。上述发现从另一个角度来表述也很有临床意义,即经过一次胸腔镜检查如果未发现恶性依据,则大多数患者罹患的可能是良性疾病,因为只有15.4%的患者最终诊断为恶性肿瘤。

虽然31例获得了病因学诊断,但仍有21例(40.4%)始终没有得到明确诊断,继续被列为非特异性胸膜炎。我们注意到,这21例患者中一部分患者可能有些确是“非特异性胸膜炎”,但也有一些患者的病因尚未呈现出来,应用现有的技术手段还无法做出甄别。

一年随访期是关键

笔者团队还有一个非常有意义的发现,即8例肿瘤患者在初次胸腔镜活检之后的1年内全都确立了恶性肿瘤的诊断。我们认为,胸腔镜检查未能发现恶性肿瘤的患者,如1年后仍未确诊恶性肿瘤,则基本不可能为恶性疾病。因此,对于非特异性胸膜炎患者来说,1年的临床随访时间可能足以发现几乎所有的恶性疾病。当然,条件允许的话,随访时间越长越好。

长期胸腔积液应对症处理

那么,对于胸腔积液持续存在,反复胸穿仍然不能解决问题的患者,该怎么办?

首先,应继续随访以尽早发现可能的特定原因。其次,既然大多数非特性胸膜炎经过1年的随访后几乎不可能为恶性,所以,患者尽可解除思想负担。此时,医患双方都应该理性对待病情,共同努力以便能尽早消除所有疑虑。

在国外,对于长期反复出现大量胸腔积液的情况,即使是良性疾病,医生也通常会建议胸腔内注射滑石粉行胸膜固定术。胸膜固定术在大多数情况下能够防止或减少胸腔积液的形成,但其并发症也是十分明显的。

我国目前尚无内用滑石粉的生产和销售。因此,诊断为非特异性胸膜炎之后,在定期随访的过程中,如果没有呼吸困难则无须处理;如果气促症状明显则建议到医院行胸穿排液,但没有必要长期埋管引流。

文/首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院呼吸与危重症医学科主任  施焕中        

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    2022-06-01 屋顶瞄爱赏月

    签到学习

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    2020-11-02 lovetcm

    #胸腔积液#,还要考虑#系统性红斑狼疮#,有少量SLE患者的首发症状可能是血性胸水,尤其是年轻女性,更是如此

    0

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    2020-01-01 lifestar
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1223927, encodeId=e3bc122392ec2, content=签到学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211111/81c0b64745c644319545ec26d7ef0b34/9ddb2864d5df4dd9bf4305e380bffc96.jpg, createdBy=c7835705079, createdName=屋顶瞄爱赏月, createdTime=Wed Jun 01 20:59:57 CST 2022, time=2022-06-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=896325, encodeId=12558963259d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=103a841586c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胸腔积液#</a>,还要考虑<a href='/topic/show?id=257ae692755' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#系统性红斑狼疮#</a>,有少量SLE患者的首发症状可能是血性胸水,尤其是年轻女性,更是如此, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=163, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84158, encryptionId=103a841586c, topicName=胸腔积液), TopicDto(id=76927, encryptionId=257ae692755, topicName=系统性红斑狼疮)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220519/c2ab253484ee4527a2d4e9589a4821ac/45de9bf494a54becb2ea4369c9d11e85.jpg, createdBy=7a3710, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Mon Nov 02 17:06:09 CST 2020, time=2020-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1666281, encodeId=1ada16662816c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bbaf8420118' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胸膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84201, encryptionId=bbaf8420118, topicName=胸膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fbc026056217, createdName=lifestar, createdTime=Wed Jan 01 08:11:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1971978, encodeId=67d919e1978cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=10be84210f6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胸膜炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84210, encryptionId=10be84210f6, topicName=胸膜炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e656479, createdName=achengzhao, createdTime=Thu May 14 05:11:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1899303, encodeId=6b5c189930373, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f746e94170' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#特异性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67941, encryptionId=6f746e94170, topicName=特异性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dc7a157, createdName=jinweidong, createdTime=Sat Mar 14 14:11:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1490473, encodeId=11a114904e362, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39e32280302' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床心得#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22803, encryptionId=39e32280302, topicName=临床心得)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=78368759045, createdName=yaanren, createdTime=Mon Jun 24 06:11:00 CST 2019, time=2019-06-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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