心脏冠脉支架术后,如何合理用药?

2020-04-29 李大夫 心脏科医生李大夫

很多患者向心内科医生咨询有关支架术后的用药问题,从用法、用量、服药时间,到每类药物具体需要服用多久,再到服药过程中的不良反应应该如何应对……总结一句话就是:患者问的多、问的

很多患者向心内科医生咨询有关支架术后的用药问题,从用法、用量、服药时间,到每类药物具体需要服用多久,再到服药过程中的不良反应应该如何应对……总结一句话就是:患者问的多、问的细,对此我们将提问频率最高的问题及解答汇总,供大家参考。

一、为什么支架术后药物治疗如此重要?

因为植入支架只是针对冠状动脉狭窄最严重的地方采取措施,其他部位冠状粥样硬化的发生和发展也需要预防。

二、支架术后用药的种类

1、 抗血小板药物:阿司匹林、氯吡格雷

阿司匹林+氯吡格雷就是医生经常提到的“双抗治疗”,即双重抗血小板治疗,它是减少支架内血栓风险的关键!

阿司匹林是目前世界上应用最多的抗血小板药物,能有效预防血栓,被世界卫生组织推荐为预防心脑血管疾病的首选药物;氯吡格雷则从另一个途径来抑制血小板聚集,与阿司匹林联用,可增强抗血小板聚集的作用,有效阻止血栓形成。

支架术后“双抗治疗”(氯吡格雷+阿司匹林)至少12个月,12个月后视病情调整氯吡格雷用量,阿司匹林需长期服用。

需要注意的是,12个月的服用时间是根据单只支架而提出的,如果装了多个支架、多支病变或者左主干病变应该适当延长氯吡格雷的服用时间。

【注意事项】注意是否有出血倾向,如牙龈出血,皮肤出血点,有无黑便,定期检查血常规;长期服用阿司匹林可能造成消化道溃疡或出血,如有胃痛或黑便应在第一时间咨询医生,有条件的话有必要做血常规检查,查血小板的情况;虽然抗血小板药物有副作用,但多数情况下不会构成严重后果,患者不应随意停用。

2、β-受体阻滞剂:美托洛尔、比索洛尔、卡维地洛等

这类药物的具体作用是减弱心肌收缩率,减慢心率,降低心肌耗氧量,防止心肌缺血的复发,从而改善患者的远期疗效,但是服药期间应密切观察心率。在服药期间心率不要低于50次/分钟,过慢的心率对患者也不好,可能造成乏力甚至脑缺血。需要强调的是,服药期间心率的最佳值:60--70次/分钟!

3、他汀类药物:瑞舒伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、辛伐他汀及匹伐他汀等

他汀类药物能稳定或逆转动脉粥样硬化性斑块,调节血脂,抑制肝脏合成过多胆固醇。但是可能会使转氨酶升高,如果不超过正常上限的三倍可以继续用药,同时密切观察肝功能,定期到医院检查肝功能。

需要特别注意的是:当出现疲乏、肌无力或者肌痛,即使肌酸激酶水平不增高也要到医院就诊,千万不要拖延!

4、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI):卡托普利、依那普利、培哚普利、雷米普利及福辛普利等。

这类药物能促进血管扩张,减轻心脏负荷,改善心肌功能;具有抗心肌缺血的作用,从而改善患者远期的预后。对于冠心病病人,特别是心室扩大的病人,还有减轻心室重构的作用。此外,ACEI对于合并高血压、糖尿病或者有过陈旧心肌梗死伴有心肌功能不全的高危患者,治疗效果非常显着。

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂最大的副作用是干咳,发生率在3%—20%,严重时可咨询医生是否更换药物如沙坦类(ARB)。

三、药物治疗需遵循的原则

1、服药时间:阿司匹林长期服用;氯吡格雷至少服用12个月;他汀类药物是长期服用,剂量调整须遵医嘱;β-受体阻滞剂和ACEI都是根据医生处方,最好长期服用。

2、服药的原则和注意事项:清楚服用的所有药物;每天坚持按时、按量服药,未经医生许可不擅自停药、改药,药物增减与更换应咨询专科医生;每天在同一时间服药,若偶尔忘记服药不要一次吃两顿,试图补上;服用非处方药物,也需告诉医生;

出门和旅游时随身带药;购买药品要到合法医疗机构和药店,处方药须凭执业医师处方购买;注意药物禁忌、慎用、注意事项、不良反应和药物间相互作用,有疑问及时咨询医生;药物要按照说明书正确储存,防变质或失效。

四、合并糖尿病或高血压的药物治疗

冠心病相当一部分病人是合并了糖尿病或者高血压的,对于这部分病人装了支架后该如何用药?

(1) 合并糖尿病患者的药物治疗

合并糖尿病患者一般有三支重要的大血管的病变,且多数是弥漫性的,一般病情会更重。糖尿病患者往往有神经的病变,导致这部分患者对冠心病的常见症状包括胸痛、胸闷等症状不敏感,以至于其就诊时间更延迟,治疗效果更差。同时,再次发生心梗、死亡,以及血管狭窄后再次搭桥、植入支架的几率要高很多。

对于有糖尿病的冠心病患者,如果支架术后血糖控制不理想容易发生内膜增殖,即再狭窄发生率升高。同时,血小板生长因子会在高血糖刺激下过度活跃,刺激健康的小血管加速相关病变。

因此,治疗冠心病的药物不能替代治疗糖尿病的药物,治疗糖尿病的药物也不能替代冠心病的药物,不同的疾病采用不同的治疗方案,两者结合对患者更有益。

(2) 合并高血压患者的药物治疗

由于血压升高会促使动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展,并且高血压患者冠心病的患病率是血压正常的3-4倍,冠心病的心血管事件与升高的收缩压/舒张压水平相关。所以 合并高血压患者支架术后降压非常重要!

合并高血压患者治疗冠心病的同时与控制血压的治疗不矛盾,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)在治疗冠心病的同时对于高血压也有比较好的控制作用。这也是ACEI类药物最好长期服用的另一个重要原因。

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    2021-06-23 小小的一只

    十分详细

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    2021-03-29 qindq
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    2021-03-20 gujh
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