Nature子刊:新冠死亡率激增!免疫补体和凝血脱不了干系!补体抑制剂亟需开发!

2020-08-05 转化医学网 转化医学网

补体是一种血清蛋白质,活化后具有酶活性、可介导免疫应答和炎症反应。与补体相关的研究表明,现有的抑制补体系统的药物可以帮助治疗重症患者。

补体是一种血清蛋白质,活化后具有酶活性、可介导免疫应答和炎症反应。与补体相关的研究表明,现有的抑制补体系统的药物可以帮助治疗重症患者。
  哥伦比亚大学欧文医学中心研究人员将补体与严重的COVID-19联系起来,发现患有年龄相关性黄斑变性(一种由补体过度活跃引起的疾病)的人患严重并发症并死于COVID-19的风险更大。他们还发现,凝血活性与COVID-19的严重程度有关,并且某些补体和凝血基因的突变与COVID-19患者的住院治疗有关。

  研究结果为了解COVID-19的病理生理学的提供了重要见解,并阐明了补体和凝血途径在确定SARS-CoV-2感染患者的临床结局中的作用。该研究发表在《自然医学》上。

  冠状病毒拟态研究的发现
  研究凝血和补体在COVID中的作用的想法始于对地球上所有病毒(总数超过7,000种)的病毒拟态的全面调查。
  病毒所具有的蛋白质可以模拟某些宿主蛋白质,从而诱骗宿主细胞帮助病毒完成生命周期。研究人员除了感兴趣的基本生物学问题之外,基于以前的工作和其他人的工作,他们怀疑识别出这些模仿物可能会提供有关病毒如何引起疾病的线索。
  调查发现,冠状病毒可谓是一介模仿大师,尤其是参与凝血的蛋白质和构成补体(人类免疫系统最古老的分支之一)的蛋白质。补体蛋白的作用有点像抗体,它通过粘附在病毒和细菌上并标记它们来帮助消除病原体。补体还可以增加体内的凝血和炎症。如果不加以控制,这些系统也可能非常有害。新冠病毒通过模仿补体或凝血蛋白,可能使两个系统都进入亢奋状态。
  黄斑变性与COVID高死亡率相关
  如果补体和凝血会影响COVID的严重程度,那么先前患有过度活跃的补体或凝血障碍的人应该更容易感染该病毒。
  因此,哥伦比亚大学医学中心的Shapira和Tatonetti博士,对患有黄斑变性的COVID患者进行了检查。黄斑变性是由补体过度活跃引起的眼部疾病,也包括常见的凝血障碍,例如血栓和出血。
  在11,000名疑似COVID患者中,研究人员发现,超过25%的年龄相关性黄斑变性患者死亡,而平均死亡率为8.5%,约20%需要插管。这并不能通过患者年龄或性别的差异来解释高死亡率和插管率。

  补体在肥胖症和糖尿病中也更活跃,这可能至少部分解释了为什么患有这些疾病的人死于COVID的风险更大。有凝血功能障碍病史的人死于COVID感染的风险也增加了。

 确定的SARS-CoV-2感染后,黄斑变性和凝血障碍的病史与不良预后相关

凝血和补体途径被激活

  然后,研究人员检查了感染冠状病毒的人的基因活性有何不同。
  该分析揭示了COVID感染者的特征,表明该病毒参与并诱导了人体补体和凝血系统的强力活化。
  研究发现,在SARS-CoV-2感染患者中,补体是表达差异最大的途径之一。免疫系统的补体被激活的程度,似乎超出了在流感等其他感染中所见的水平。
 一些凝血和补体基因与住院相关
  研究人员还对英国生物样本库中数千名COVID患者进行了基因分析,其中包含了50万人的医疗记录和基因数据,进一步证明了严重COVID与凝血和补体有关。
  他们发现,影响补体或凝血活性的几种基因的变异与需要住院的更严重的COVID症状有关。这些变异不一定会决定一个人的结局。但这一发现是补充和凝血途径参与COVID-19相关的发病率和死亡率又一证据。
  靶向凝血补体
  自大流行开始以来,治疗COVID患者的医师已经注意到凝血问题,并且正在进行多项临床试验,以确定使用现有抗凝治疗方法的最佳方法。
  补体抑制剂目前用于相对罕见的疾病中,但至少有一项临床试验正在对COVID患者进行测试。
  这项研究的发现为凝血和补体在COVID中发挥作用这一观点提供了更坚实的基础,并有望激发其他人评估其是否可以战胜正在进行的大流行病。
  参考:

【1】https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-08-ancient-immune-underpin-severe-covid-.html

【2】https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1021-2

 

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    2020-10-27 jklm09
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    2020-12-09 liye789132251
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    2020-08-05 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

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