吃辣可以控制高血压?减盐新方法揭晓

2018-02-03 阿枫 医学界心血管频道

食用盐不仅是调味品之首,更是维护机体内环境稳定的重要物质。然而早有研究证明,盐摄入量过高是导致血压水平上升和罹患高血压的重要原因之一,并与血压之间有着明确的剂量-反应关系,而高血压又是脑卒中和冠心病发病的独立危险因素

食用盐不仅是调味品之首,更是维护机体内环境稳定的重要物质。然而早有研究证明,盐摄入量过高是导致血压水平上升和罹患高血压的重要原因之一,并与血压之间有着明确的剂量-反应关系,而高血压又是脑卒中和冠心病发病的独立危险因素[1、2]。

1.吃辣可以减少盐的摄入?YES

“限盐”似乎已经是个老生常谈的话题了,限盐的小勺子也几乎是家家户户厨房的标配。观念似乎已经深入人心,但2010-2012年中国成年居民食盐摄入量依旧在较高水平,为10.4±0.2 g/d[3]。这和日常饮食习惯是分不开的,对于习惯吃重口菜肴的人来说,清淡饮食不会是朝夕之间的改变。

然而,现在有了个不错的消息。有研究表明:爱吃辣的人群吃盐更少,并且血压较低,潜在地降低了患心脏病和卒中的风险[4]。

如果清淡的食物无法满足你的味蕾,那不妨加点辣吧!


图1:该论文发表在《Hypertension》2017年10月刊上

·对咸味的喜好程度,跟盐的摄入量和血压正相关

研究者首先招募了606名中国成年人,进行了一项流行病学调查辣味和咸味的偏好的影响,按照对咸味的偏好分为三组。通过表1的统计数据发现,对咸味偏好越高的组,对咸味的敏感度也就越低。也就是同样觉得正好的咸度,偏爱咸味组会摄入更多的量。


表1-受试者的横断面研究数据

*每日食盐摄入量来源于24小时尿钠排泄量,并按参考值进行调整。

因此结果表明,对咸味的喜好程度,跟盐的摄入量和血压正相关。在剔除了统计到的混杂因素影响之后,对咸味偏好程度最高比最低组平均每天多摄入1.8 g盐,而收缩压和舒张压分别高出5.0 mmHg和4.4 mmHg。

·对咸味的偏好与对辣味的偏好负相关

研究者又将受试者按照对辣味的偏好重新分组,发现对咸味的偏好与对辣味的偏好负相关,最喜欢辣味组比最不喜欢组每天减少了2.5 g盐的摄入,其收缩压和舒张压相较不喜欢辣味组分别低了6.6 mmHg和4 mmHg。


图2:受试者对辣味的偏好与盐摄入量和血压(BP)的关系

根据此前Grabenhorst F研究表明,眼窝前额皮质(orbitofrontal cortex, OFC)与味觉的体验有关[5]。研究者又通过断层扫描技术观察不同浓度氯化钠刺激下的脑岛和OFC,确认摄入高盐和喜好高盐伴会导致这些脑部区域的代谢活性增强。


图3:受试者大脑对不同浓度氯化钠及辣椒素的代谢活性反应

随后又发现,150 mmol/L氯化钠+0.5 μmol/L辣椒素所产生的大脑代谢活性高于150 mmol/L氯化钠,甚至比200 mmol/L氯化钠刺激的代谢活性还要强。

因此,辣椒素通过激活大脑感受咸味的区域,改变了感知到的咸味强度。辣椒素可以“骗过大脑”,让大脑觉得已经够咸了。适当添加辣椒,即便用比的盐较少也能满足大脑对咸味的需求,这样就可以开心地“减盐”了。

2.辣椒素好处多多?YES

除了上述提到的辣椒素可以改变大脑对于味道的感受外,辣椒素在提升机体代谢以及诸多领域都有很多好处。

抗癌作用:近年国内外研究表明辣椒素具有良好的抗癌功效。辣椒素具有抑制癌细胞增殖,促进癌细胞凋亡、坏死,抑制癌细胞转移,增加抗癌药物敏感性,增强机体对癌细胞的免疫杀伤力和改善癌细胞导致的机体代谢紊乱等作用[6]。

促进消化:中医认为,辣椒味辛,性热, 有温中散寒、开胃消食的功效,可治寒滞腹痛、呕吐、 泻痢等。可见,辣椒对于脾胃虚寒引起的胃痛、胃胀及消化不良等有很好的调理作用[7]。近年国内外研究结果显示,适量的辣椒素对胃黏膜具有保护作用,可能与其增加胃黏膜血流量[8]、促进胃动力、调节胃酸和刺激前列腺素E1(prostaglandin E1,PGEl)分泌、增加降钙素基相关肽(calcitonin gene-related peptide,CGRP的释放有关[9]。

减肥作用:许多研究表明,辣椒素具有明显的减肥作用。辣椒素通过促进神经传导物质乙酰胆碱和去甲肾上腺素的 分泌,增加耗氧量和静息时能量消耗[10],促进了体内脂肪氧化,增强能量释放,从而降低血脂和体内脂肪的贮存,改善肥胖患者的体重指数(BMI)[11]。

因此,不论是否有高血压风险,都不妨在菜肴中添加一些辣椒,既增添了风味,又对身体有益。当然,如果不能吃辣,也不要太过勉强了。

原始出处:

[1]Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Candeias V,et al. Salt intakes, around the world: implications for public health[J]. Int J Epidemiol,2009,38 (3):791-813.

[2]Ha SK. Dietary salt intake and hypertension[J].Electrolyte Blood Press,2014,12(1):7-18.

[3]于冬梅, 何宇纳, 房红芸,等. 2010-2012年中国成年居民食盐摄入状况[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2016, 50(3):217-220.

[4]Li Q, Cui Y, Jin R, et al. Enjoyment of Spicy Flavor Enhances Central Salty-Taste Perception and Reduces Salt Intake and Blood Pressure.[J]. Hypertension, 2017:HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09950.

[5]Grabenhorst F, Rolls E T, Bilderbeck A. How Cognition Modulates Affective Responses to Taste and Flavor: Top-down Influences on the Orbitofrontal and Pregenual Cingulate Cortices[J]. Cerebral Cortex, 2008, 18(18):1549-1559.

[6]谢乐, 周慎, 伍大华,等. 辣椒素抗癌作用及其机制研究进展[J]. 湖南中医药大学学报, 2014, 34(9):58-61.

[7]王锋, 谭兴和, 张礼红,等. 辣椒的生理功能及开发利用[J]. 中国食物与营养, 2006(6):17-20.

[8]顾洛, 闫长栋, 杜军,等. 辣椒素敏感传入神经和NO中介大鼠胃扩张引起的胃酸分泌和胃粘膜血流量变化[J]. 中国应用生理学杂志, 2003, 19(2):193-196.


[10]Inoue N, Matsunaga Y, Satoh H, et al. Enhanced Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation in Humans with High BMI Scores by the Ingestion of Novel and Non-Pungent Capsaicin Analogues (Capsinoids)[J]. Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, 2007, 71(2):380.

[11]Snitker S, Fujishima Y, Shen H, et al. Effects of novel capsinoid treatment on fatness and energy metabolism in humans: possible pharmacogenetic implications[J]. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2009, 89(1):45-50.

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    2018-02-13 jyzxjiangqin

    高血压的危险因素.

    0

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    2018-02-09 1e207054m17(暂无匿称)

    非常好.谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-02-05 hywen7332
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1903306, encodeId=2b9c1903306cf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e1b0583884b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新方法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58388, encryptionId=e1b0583884b, topicName=新方法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c22f171, createdName=kord1982, createdTime=Mon Dec 10 06:02:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287598, encodeId=40d128e598ab, content=高血压的危险因素., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Feb 13 09:35:34 CST 2018, time=2018-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286387, encodeId=853828638e88, content=非常好.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5cee2018203, createdName=1e207054m17(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Feb 09 03:28:44 CST 2018, time=2018-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1596391, encodeId=036c15963911a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=91ea38e53bc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#吃辣#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38753, encryptionId=91ea38e53bc, topicName=吃辣)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5bd218387993, createdName=hywen7332, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 10:02:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285063, encodeId=8e0928506310, content=真的不错啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210720/81c525def1c4490db2c4d4fd31f4b910/367559b074d146aeab71188669c2396a.jpg, createdBy=3ec21628724, createdName=zybear, createdTime=Sun Feb 04 13:18:36 CST 2018, time=2018-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285000, encodeId=3b782850000c, content=学习了谢谢了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLPeNmuNF9ibgMfMOAs7Iic5MpiaU8RLmRH67xCKuk5wzfhb7G4ib7ia6z9lrnsTicj1nAUfEOMecZDtvvu/0, createdBy=d7f91939785, createdName=186****0580(小山羊), createdTime=Sun Feb 04 10:00:19 CST 2018, time=2018-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=284979, encodeId=ea472849e953, content=这个研究非常有意思.不过很多辣的食物中间盐分也很比较高., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sun Feb 04 09:16:51 CST 2018, time=2018-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-04 zybear

    真的不错啊

    0

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    2018-02-04 186****0580(小山羊)

    学习了谢谢了

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1903306, encodeId=2b9c1903306cf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e1b0583884b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#新方法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=58388, encryptionId=e1b0583884b, topicName=新方法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c22f171, createdName=kord1982, createdTime=Mon Dec 10 06:02:00 CST 2018, time=2018-12-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=287598, encodeId=40d128e598ab, content=高血压的危险因素., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Feb 13 09:35:34 CST 2018, time=2018-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=286387, encodeId=853828638e88, content=非常好.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5cee2018203, createdName=1e207054m17(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Feb 09 03:28:44 CST 2018, time=2018-02-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1596391, encodeId=036c15963911a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=91ea38e53bc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#吃辣#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38753, encryptionId=91ea38e53bc, topicName=吃辣)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5bd218387993, createdName=hywen7332, createdTime=Mon Feb 05 10:02:00 CST 2018, time=2018-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285063, encodeId=8e0928506310, content=真的不错啊, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210720/81c525def1c4490db2c4d4fd31f4b910/367559b074d146aeab71188669c2396a.jpg, createdBy=3ec21628724, createdName=zybear, createdTime=Sun Feb 04 13:18:36 CST 2018, time=2018-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=285000, encodeId=3b782850000c, content=学习了谢谢了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLPeNmuNF9ibgMfMOAs7Iic5MpiaU8RLmRH67xCKuk5wzfhb7G4ib7ia6z9lrnsTicj1nAUfEOMecZDtvvu/0, createdBy=d7f91939785, createdName=186****0580(小山羊), createdTime=Sun Feb 04 10:00:19 CST 2018, time=2018-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=284979, encodeId=ea472849e953, content=这个研究非常有意思.不过很多辣的食物中间盐分也很比较高., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4a5105539, createdName=lovetcm, createdTime=Sun Feb 04 09:16:51 CST 2018, time=2018-02-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-02-04 lovetcm

    这个研究非常有意思.不过很多辣的食物中间盐分也很比较高.

    0

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