“微生物检验结果”与“临床症状”不符怎么办?

2019-10-29 佚名 临床误诊误治杂志

临床上常见的内分泌疾病包括糖尿病、甲状腺疾病、库欣综合征等,这类疾病的诊断常需要一些实验室检查的帮助。以下几种试验对内分泌科医生甚至其他专业的医生都较为实用,在此我们来一起了解一下这些试验的具体用途及方法。

产生矛盾的原因

一. 临床科方面

1、标本采集时间和方法不正确:血培养标本采集尽量在抗菌药物使用之前,按无菌操作原则进行,标本需24 h内采集2~ 3份,每次需同时采集2~ 3瓶。而临床护士通常只采集一瓶,有的不管患者发热与否,有的甚至在输液针孔处采集标本。

对于特殊感染标本的采集要按特定的采血时间(比如间歇性菌血症, 应在体温高峰到来之前0.5~ 1.0 h, 或于寒战或发热1 h后进行), 有些临床护士不知晓而随意采集。尿培养标本需留取清洁中段尿, 最好是导尿, 而临床护士通常将留取标本的容器下发给患者, 让其自行留取, 造成标本的污染。

痰培养标本留取存在的问题最多, 通常检验科接到的是含有大量口腔杂菌的唾液标本, 而不是用清水反复漱口后, 用力自呼吸道深部咳出的痰液。让患者重新留取标本, 不仅临床治疗已经开始, 而且重新留取的标本也未必是合格的, 矛盾就此产生。

2、采集标本的容器不规范:细菌培养标本留取时需使用洁净、无菌、加盖、封闭、防渗漏的容器。而临床采集标本时, 有的未使用无菌容器, 有的未加密封盖, 有的与常规标本混在一起送检(尤其是痰液和粪便标本) , 极易造成标本间的污染。

3、标本运送不及时、保存不规范:标本采集后立即送检, 室温保存不得超过2 h( 夏季保存时间应适当缩短)。搁置时间长, 一是标本干燥, 无法检测; 二是杂菌生长, 影响检测; 三是细菌死亡, 影响检测结果(比如痰液标本中的肺炎球菌、水流感嗜血杆菌等) 。临床对干燥敏感或只能采集到的少量标本, 应用棉拭子采集标本后立即放入液体培养基内送检; 对不能立即送检的标本, 应4℃冷藏保存(但尿液查淋病奈瑟菌的标本和脑脊液标本除外)等规定, 往往在临床繁忙的工作中被忽略。

二、检验科方面

1、技术操作不规范:由于临床检验鉴定经济效益微薄, 特别是标本量少的医院, 对检验科室的建设重视不够, 缺乏必要的仪器设备和专业技术人员, 以至于病原微生物的培养、分离、鉴定和药敏试验不规范(比如标本接种不及时, 细菌培养所需的温度、湿度、气体含量未达标等), 直接影响了检验结果的准确性。

2、重药敏轻鉴定: 一直以来, 大部分临床医生做细菌培养只为了找到针对感染病原菌敏感的抗菌药物, 对病原菌的种类没有明确要求。而检验科由于细菌鉴定复杂、耗时, 个别人员经验不足, 导致了药敏结果出来就发检验报告, 对病原菌未做进一步的鉴定。当临床医生得到的药敏结果没有习惯使用的药物, 特别是当临床使用对细菌敏感的药物, 而效果不理想时, 对检验科产生了质疑和不满。

3、缺乏与临床的沟通: 通常细菌鉴定一般需2~ 3d, 血培养则需要7 d以上, 可临床治疗不能等到药敏结果出来才实施。而检验科通常把自己定位于辅助科室, 缺乏与临床及时有效的沟通, 在细菌鉴定结果出来之前, 没有及时将涂片镜检结果、细菌生长情况回报给临床, 缺乏预报告的意识, 以至临床不了解病原菌的来源, 盲目使用新药、贵药或凭经验用药, 给检验科工作增加了难度。

解决矛盾的对策

一、 临床方面

1、开展微生物基础理论知识的培训:随着细菌名称的更新、新菌种的出现, 它们的病原学意义及判断标准医生和护士难以及时掌握。检验科应及时将细菌的新知识、新技术告知临床各科, 以增强其理论水平。同时还应配合临床制定出正确的标本采集、运送、保存方法, 以确保标本分析前的质量, 适应临床诊断和治疗的需要。

2、确立病原微生物检测的重要地位: 做细菌培养不仅可尽早查明感染病原, 还能依据病原菌的不同种类及药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物, 防止耐药菌株的产生, 避免院内感染的发生, 提高重症感染的救治成功率。无论是门诊还是住院患者, 临床在使用抗菌药物治疗前, 必须先留取相应的标本进行细菌培养, 然后按照药敏结果选择抗菌药物, 对于危重患者在未获知病原菌及药敏结果前, 应根据病情, 结合当地细菌耐药状况予经验性治疗, 待药敏结果出来后调整给药方案, 以提高抗菌药物疗效、降低不良反应发生率, 减少或减缓细菌耐药性。

3、规范抗菌药物管理:目前临床使用抗菌药物存在的问题主要有抗菌药物的品种多、起点高(比如一、二代头孢几乎不用)、用药时间长(一般都在一周以上, 尤其是预防用药超限现象普遍)、更换无依据、不合理联合用药等现象, 致使细菌耐药日趋严重。为此, 各医疗部门应加大对抗菌药物的监管力度, 严格按!抗菌药物临床应用指导原则,规范临床抗菌药物的使用。检验医学网

二、检验科方面

1、确保及时准确地检验: 检验人员应从增强工作责任心入手, 努力学习掌握这一领域的最新技术, 及时总结经验, 不断改进方法, 积极开展室内质量控制, 自觉接受质评的检查, 努力为临床提供正确、快速的病原学信息。

2、建立科学的报告模式: 彻底改变过去收标本、做培养、发报告三步走的工作程序, 要多考虑所发报告的可信度或临床诊断的相关性, 结合患者的临床资料, 综合分析细菌学报告, 并做必要的评论(如某些含广谱....内酰胺酶耐药菌的克雷伯菌或大肠杆菌, 对一些三代头孢菌素的体外试验是敏感的, 而临床疗效不好), 以避免自相矛盾的报告发出给临床造成不良后果。检验医学网

3、密切与临床科的联系: 当前细菌耐药性持续增长, 给临床治疗后带来严重的问题。检验科应及时了解患者的临床信息, 积极参与临床治疗方案的制订, 定期向临床反馈抗菌药物使用和本地耐药监测情况, 逐步完善预报告的制度, 使临床能及时了解到患者的细菌培养信息, 便于选择最佳的治疗方案。

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    2019-11-15 jyzxjiangqin

    微生物检验结果的影响。

    0

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    2019-11-01 jyzxjiangqin

    临床医学治疗。

    0

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