非气管插管麻醉胸腹腔镜联合三切口食管癌根治术一例

2019-03-30 胡山 李樊 祖育昆 临床外科杂志

病人,52岁,男性。因进行性吞咽困难5个月余入院。既往无特殊病史,无吸烟史。胃镜检查提示距门齿32 cm处环形狭窄,黏膜隆起。取活检病理检查诊断为鳞状细胞癌。病人心肺功能正常,体质指数22.4mg/kg2,未见明显手术禁忌证。向病人及家属详细告知非气管插管麻醉胸腹腔镜联合三切口手术优势及可能出现的风险,病人及家属要求采用这一手术方式,签署手术及麻醉知情同意书。

病人,52岁,男性。因进行性吞咽困难5个月余入院。既往无特殊病史,无吸烟史。镜检查提示距门齿32 cm处环形狭窄,黏膜隆起。取活检病理检查诊断为鳞状细胞癌。病人心肺功能正常,体质指数22.4mg/kg2,未见明显手术禁忌证。向病人及家属详细告知非气管插管麻醉胸腹腔镜联合三切口手术优势及可能出现的风险,病人及家属要求采用这一手术方式,签署手术及麻醉知情同意书。
 
手术步骤:麻醉诱导后,置入喉罩,自主呼吸。左侧卧位,超声定位下行椎旁神经阻滞。进入胸腔,脏层胸膜表面麻醉。迷走神经及膈神经阻滞。游离食管,于肿瘤近端5 cm以远处离断,清扫各站淋巴结,留置胸管后关胸。平卧位,消毒暴露腹部及左颈部。适当加深麻醉并使用肌松剂,转换为机械通气。腹腔镜下游离并清扫各站淋巴结后,最后打开食管裂孔,将食管下段拉入腹腔。停止气腹,腹部小切口行管状胃成形+空肠造口。左颈胸锁乳突肌前缘切口,游离颈段食管,并行管状胃-食管吻合。术后病人苏醒后拔除喉罩返回病房。手术时间334分钟,术中出血约150ml。
 
病人术后予以肠内营养支持,第2天通气,复查胸片示双肺复张良好,无积气积液。无痰多、呼吸困难、恶心、呕吐、腹胀等症状。术后第6天行碘水造影示正常后拔除胸管、胃管,逐渐恢复进食。第8天出院。术后1个月复查,经口进食良好,无咽痛、干咳等症状。复查胸片提示食管术后,心肺隔未见异常。
 
讨论
 
我国为食管癌高发地区,发病率占全球发病的49.5%。食管癌根治术为治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期及部分Ⅲ期食管癌的首选。传统食管癌根治术均采用气管插管全身麻醉,通常需多个较大手术切口,导致病人术后疼痛剧烈、术后早期肺功能显著下降。随着腔镜技术的发展,由常规开胸开腹手术发展至胸腹腔镜联合微创手术,术后疼痛以及呼吸系统并发症均已得到有效控制。
 
双腔支气管插管和长时间机械通气带来的并发症以及肌松药相关的副作用逐渐为人们所重视。非气管插管麻醉胸腹腔镜联合三切口食管癌根治术关键点在于腹腔镜气腹。首先,要求腹肌松弛必须使用肌松剂,然则自主呼吸难以维持。其次,没有气管插管正压通气保障,食管裂孔打开后气腹与胸腔相通对双肺通气的影响是致命的。因此,尽管Pompeo教授早在10年前就已提出非气管插管胸腔镜手术的理念,近年来何建行教授团队更是将这一手术麻醉方式广泛应用于胸外科手术中。我们率先将非气管插管麻醉应用于食管癌手术,一是有赖于喉罩的应用,解决了机械通气的问题。
 
经过测试,我院麻醉科采用的双腔喉罩密闭性良好,能够隔离口腔分泌物的同时维持机械通气30mmHg压力,保证了病人在自主呼吸与机械通气状态下切换的安全性。因此,在胸腔镜下操作时可保留自主呼吸,在腹腔镜下操作时,可适当加深麻醉,使用少量肌松剂,予以机械通气。
 
我们对于手术流程进行了优化调整。首先,在胸腔镜下将食管于肿瘤近端5 cm外离断,待开腹时将食管下段与胃小弯一并切除取出。一方面去除了胃液反流误吸风险,另一方面便于游离食管及清扫隆突下及左右喉返神经链淋巴结。其次,腹腔镜下待胃游离完毕后,最后处理食管裂孔,将食管下段拖入腹腔后迅速开腹,可减少气腹对双肺通气影响。需要注意的是,自主呼吸的维持有赖于对侧胸膜腔的完整性,游离食管及清扫淋巴结时应避免损伤。
 
非气管插管麻醉胸腹腔镜联合三切口食管癌根治术能够避免气管插管所致气道损伤,减少机械通气带来的呼吸道并发症,减轻手术对肺功能影响,减少阿片类药物及肌松药使用带来的不良反应,同时能够提供更为稳定的血流动力学和良好的术后镇痛,有助于术后快速康复。目前,该手术麻醉方式尚在探索阶段,需严格挑选病例,术前咳痰、吸烟>400年支、体质指数>26mg/kg2、心肺功能不佳者,术中可能存在气道管理风险和二氧化碳储留问题,仍需谨慎。具体操作中亦可能面临其他问题,需要更多病例来进一步探索。
 
原始出处:

胡山,李樊,祖育昆,邓豫,尹随,赵波.非气管插管麻醉胸腹腔镜联合三切口食管癌根治术一例[J].临床外科杂志,2018,26(04):320.

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    2019-04-01 zhouqu_8
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    2019-04-01 jeanqiuqiu

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