Environmental Pollution:空气污染极有可能影响COVID-19致死率

2020-04-22 Paris 转化医学网

导言:随着疫情的发展,科学家们对SARS-CoV-2的了解也越来越深入,多项研究表明,新型冠状病毒可在空气中存活数小时,并被咳嗽和打喷嚏产生的气体云带到23到27英尺之外。COVID-19传播途径与空

导言:随着疫情的发展,科学家们对SARS-CoV-2的了解也越来越深入,多项研究表明,新型冠状病毒可在空气中存活数小时,并被咳嗽和打喷嚏产生的气体云带到23到27英尺之外。COVID-19传播途径与空气如此密切,那空气污染对新冠病毒又有怎样的影响呢?

近日,来自丹麦奥胡斯大学和意大利锡耶纳大学的一个研究小组对空气污染与COVID-19的关系进行了研究, 结果发现,意大利的空气污染与COVID-19死亡率之间存在明显的相关性,空气污染严重的地区COVID-19的死亡率也相对偏高。相关文章在线发表在《Environmental Pollution》杂志上。

空气污染对人类健康具有重大影响,已被确定为世界范围内导致死亡的第五大主要危险因素。大部分可归因于空气污染的疾病负担是由慢性非传染性疾病引起的,包括呼吸系统疾病和2型糖尿病等。有研究表明,长期暴露于PM2.5、NO2、O3和NOx与肥胖、2型糖尿病的高风险相关。这些关联的潜在机制尚不确定,但被认为与全身炎症水平升高、脂肪组织代谢改变以及肠道菌群失衡有关。

“非典”过后的05年曾有研究对“北京市空气污染与SARS患者日死亡率关系”进行了调查,证明了二者的相关性,给空气污染对传染性呼吸系统疾病患者预后的影响以警示。这项研究也为此次疫情提供了新的了解,意大利的官方数据显示COVID-19的死亡率有着明显的地区差异,意大利北部地区,如伦巴第或艾米利亚罗马涅,致死率为12%。而在全国其他地区,致死率约为4.5%。造成这种差异的原因可能是每个区域记录死亡和感染的方式不同,或者这两个区域的人口老龄化情况差异。基于之前的研究发现,研究人员大胆猜测,空气污染或许在这其中也发挥了部分作用。除了COVID-19高得多的死亡率外,欧洲宇航局(ESA)发布的疫情封锁期间空气污染监测数据显示,意大利境内的NO2排放量有所下降,尤其是意大利北部波河谷地区的NO2排放量下降十分明显。不仅在意大利,而且在整个欧洲都是如此。

然而,空气污染和COVID-19死亡率之间的相关性并不意味着二者之间的因果关系。先前对导致急性呼吸窘迫综合征的其他疾病的研究表明,当免疫系统失调引起身体不同部位的炎症时,便会加快这些疾病的进展。此外,研究人员还指出:空气污染是导致慢性炎症的最常见之一,最终导致先天免疫系统过度活跃。除此之外,空气污染还会损害人肺部的纤毛,纤毛是微小的毛状细胞器,是抵御空气传播的第一道防线之一。

尽管该研究团队认为空气污染可能会导致伦巴第和艾米利亚罗马涅COVID-19患者死亡人数增加,但依然需要科学家们进一步的研究,以确定空气污染的重要性,并更好地了解其他可能影响新冠病毒死亡率的因素。虽然目前新冠肺炎发病率、死亡率与空气污染之间的关系仍有待确定。但空气污染对环境及人类健康的影响已是不言而喻,改善空气质量仍是人类为之不懈努力的追求。

原始出处:

Edoardo Conticini, Bruno Frediania, Dario Carob, et.al. Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy? Environmental Pollution 4 April 2020, 114465

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    2021-01-09 lixiaol
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    2020-12-23 axin009
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