Ann Neurol-MRI特征,可反映多发性硬化症免疫病理形态

2021-07-17 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

MRI特征,可反映多发性硬化症免疫病理形态

 

多发性硬化症(MS)是一种病因不明的炎症性脱髓鞘疾病,在临床特征、治疗反应和MRI特征方面具有明显的异质性。此外,在比较不同患者的病变时,组织学分析显示出巨大的差异。尽管所有的病变都显示出脱髓鞘、炎症、轴索损伤和星形胶质增生的共同特征,但可以发现主要的组织学差异,从而可以将其分为活动性脱髓鞘的三种主要免疫病理模式(模式I-III)。早期活动性MS病变的免疫模式已被证明在一个人的空间和时间上是一致的。这些模式表明病变发展的不同机制。模式I和模式II通常界限分明,所有髓鞘蛋白的丢失程度相同。

然而,只有模式II的病变与沿髓鞘沉积的免疫球蛋白和补体有关,并存在于巨噬细胞内,提示有抗体和补体介导的脱髓鞘机制。相反,模式III病变的特点是病变边缘不明确,存在凋亡的少突胶质细胞,而且与其他髓鞘蛋白相比,髓鞘相关糖蛋白(MAG)优先丢失。MAG位于远端少突胶质细胞过程中,它的丢失被认为是代谢受压的少突胶质细胞的一个标志。在模式III病变中观察到的变化表明在脱髓鞘之前少突胶质细胞的损伤。到目前为止,这些免疫病理模式只能通过组织学诊断。磁共振成像(MRI)的相关因素尚不清楚。

磁共振成像被用作多发性硬化症的常规诊断工具,有广泛的磁共振成像结果。对比后T1加权MRI上的对比增强病变被认为是血脑屏障破坏的标志,并可能显示不同的增强模式。在多发性硬化症患者中可能会发现环状强化病变,其特点是不完整的、开放的环,或完整的、封闭的环。有这种病变的病人的频率变化很大,取决于调查的队列、观察期、分析的MRI数量以及技术方法,从12%到90%以上的病人,在非常活跃的队列中百分比最高。可以观察到低密度的T2加权边缘(T2w边缘),其特点是病变边缘的信号强度降低。组织学-放射学研究表明,病理上的相关因素是巨噬细胞的积聚(巨噬细胞环)。有人描述了T2加权图像上环形增强的病变与低密度边缘的共同定位。

藉此,哥廷根大学的Imke Metz等人回顾性地分析161名多发性硬化症患者的MRI病变特征与其组织病理学定义的免疫病理模式以及组织学定义的病变边缘特征的关系。

他们一项国际合作的回顾性队列研究中评估了789个常规活检前和随访的MRI病变特征与其组织病理学分类的免疫病理模式(n=161个对象)和病变边缘特征(n=112)的关系。

他们观察到环状强化和低密度T2加权边缘(T2w边缘)与模式I和II有密切联系,但与模式III无关。只有一部分模式III的患者出现了环状强化,而且这总是不典型的。

环状强化和T2w边缘共同定位,环状强化与组织学显示的巨噬细胞边缘有密切联系。

在给定的时间点比较活检和非活检的病变时,发现MRI病变特征有很强的一致性,即不同的病变表现出相同的特征,这表明个别患者的病变具有同质性。

这个研究强有力的证明了:MRI特征反映了多发性硬化症免疫模式的具体形态特征,环状强化和T2w低密度边缘可能作为一种有价值的非侵入性生物标志物,来区分脱髓鞘的病理模式。


原文出处:
Metz I, Gavrilova RH, Weigand SD, Frischer JM, Popescu BF, Guo Y, Gloth M, Tobin WO, Zalewski NL, Lassmann H, Tillema JM, Erickson BJ, Parisi JE, Becker S, König FB, Brück W, Lucchinetti CF. MRI Correlates of Multiple Sclerosis Immunopathological Patterns. Ann Neurol. 2021 Jul 7. doi: 10.1002/ana.26163. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34231919.

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