Nature Neuroscience:重大发现,抑郁症是与生俱来的

2021-11-11 “医诺维”微信公众号 “医诺维”微信公众号

抑郁症(MDD),是一种常见的精神障碍,主要表现为情绪低落、兴趣减低、思维迟缓、饮食和睡眠差等症状,抑郁症患者与心血管疾病、糖尿病和阿尔茨海默病发病率的增加有关,死亡率也较高。迄今,并不清楚抑郁症的病

抑郁症(MDD),是一种常见的精神障碍,主要表现为情绪低落、兴趣减低、思维迟缓、饮食和睡眠差等症状,抑郁症患者与心血管疾病、糖尿病和阿尔茨海默病发病率的增加有关,死亡率也较高。迄今,并不清楚抑郁症的病因。

中间神经元(interneuron),种类多样,形态和功能复杂各异,中间神经元发育异常和人类精神类疾病,例如自闭症和抑郁症等密切相关。但迄今为止,人们对中间神经元早期增殖、分化和径向迁移依然了解甚少。

2021年11月4日,华侨大学精准医疗研究中心孙涛团队在" Nature Neuroscience "期刊发表了一篇题为" Interneuron origin and molecular diversityin the human fetal brain "的研究论文。

该研究系统阐述了人类胚胎大脑中间神经元的发育规律,表明成年大脑的中间神经元的命运,早在胚胎期就已经被决定了,为人们进一步探寻精神类疾病的发病机理提供了新思路。

越来越多的研究表明,抑郁症、自闭症、焦虑症等并不只是心理疾病,而是大脑中的神经元出现了问题,正是大脑神经元不停地传输信号,才使人们有了兴奋、消沉等情绪。

大脑是人体最复杂的器官之一,仅大脑皮层就含有约140亿个神经元。大脑中最主要的两大类细胞,兴奋性谷氨酸能神经元、抑制性γ—氨基丁酸中间神经元。前者过于强大了,可能会诱发狂躁症,使人无比兴奋,甚至有暴力倾向。而后者过于强大了,则会让人消沉、压抑,诱发抑郁症。

为了探究人脑神经元的来源和行动轨迹,研究人员使用了单细胞RNA测序及原位测序技术,从胚胎组织捕获一个个单独的神经元细胞,并逐个进行基因测序,获得了3个重要发现。

(图注:人脑中的中间神经元共用一个神经祖细胞群)

第一个重要发现是,人脑中的中间神经元共用一个神经祖细胞群,即尽管分布于人类胚胎大脑的皮层下区域不同位置的中间神经元前体细胞表达各自特异的基因,但分析显示它们均来自相同的神经祖细胞群。

第二个是,研究人员分别研究了人在胚胎期4个不同阶段生成的中间神经元的基因表达情况。结果发现,以转录因子为主的中间神经元前体细胞内特异的基因表达组合,决定了中间神经元在人类胚胎大脑皮层下区域中精确的解剖学位置,也同时确定了中间神经元发育的时间顺序。

这说明中间神经元在时间和空间上的命运特征,是由准确的基因表达组合同时调控的。早期发育时,转录因子是最重要的,因为它直接决定了大脑下游更多的基因。

最后一个是,研究人员发现了一个有意思的现象,即通过对比成人大脑神经元相关数据发现,尽管人类成年大脑皮层中间神经元类型多样,但这些中间神经元的基因表达特征,已经在胚胎发育早期被确定并维持下来了。

(图注: 胚胎和成人神经元百分比)

由于抑郁症、焦虑症、自闭症等与中间神经元异常发育密切相关,研究人员表示,人们常认为自闭症、抑郁症等是后天发生的,事实上,在胚胎阶段,可能就定下了。

孙涛表示,国外有研究表明,同卵双胞胎中一个孩子是自闭症,另一个孩子患自闭症的可能性提高到了60%,基因遗传因素的可能性正在变得越来越大。

总之,这项研究第一次系统地研究了在人类胚胎大脑尤其是早期的胚胎大脑中,中间神经元的发育规律和基因表达。为人们进一步探寻精神类疾病的发病机理,提供了新思路。

下一步,孙涛团队将会继续深入研究诱发自闭症、焦虑症、抑郁症等精神类疾病的重要基因,提供未来治疗靶点的科学依据,让科研成果真正造福人类。

原始出处:

Yu, Y., Zeng, Z., Xie, D. et al. Interneuron origin and molecular diversity in the human fetal brain. Nat Neurosci (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-021-00940-3.

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    2022-11-23 146480bem82暂无昵称

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    2021-12-06 liye789132251
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    2021-11-13 柳叶一刀
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    2021-11-13 jichang

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