Neurology:降糖药物治疗靶点的遗传变异与患阿尔茨海默病风险

2022-08-09 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

目前只有少数可以改善症状的药物或药物被批准用于AD,而其神经保护作用仍不确定。

背景:阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种神经退行性疾病,其特征是大脑中异常的蛋白质聚集和神经元损伤,导致认知下降、记忆丧失并最终导致死亡。然而,目前只有少数可以改善症状的药物或药物被批准用于AD,而其神经保护作用仍不确定。开发针对AD的新药势在必行,但也极具挑战性,因为最近有400多种候选药物在III期试验中失败。其中对已批准的药物进行新适应症的测试,提议作为一种更快速和更具成本效益的策略来识别潜在的AD治疗,因为已批准的药物拥有关于作用机制和全面安全性的充分记录的信息。

AD和2型糖尿病(T2DM)是老年人群中最常见的两种疾病。一项对1746777名参与者的荟萃分析报告称,T2DM患者患AD的风险增加了53%。此外,AD被认为是胰岛素抵抗和大脑葡萄糖控制受损的“3型糖尿病”。基于其增强胰岛素信号和调节葡萄糖代谢的初衷,降糖药物强调为AD的候选药物。早期或轻中度AD患者中进行了多项随机临床试验(RCT ),以调查降糖药物的疾病缓解作用。但迄今为止的证据并不确定。考虑到AD漫长的前驱期,针对早期或轻中度AD的临床试验较少,而临床前AD或更早的初级干预可能提供治疗成功的最佳机会。然而,这种初级预防试验具有挑战性,因为它们需要相当大的样本量和长期干预。

孟德尔随机化(MR)是一种统计工具,使用遗传变异(IV)作为工具变量,在暴露和结果之间进行因果推断。由于遗传变异是在受孕时和疾病发作前随机分配的,因此MR认为是一种“天然”RCT,可以最大限度地减少混淆和逆转因果关系。特别是对于编码药物靶蛋白的基因中的遗传变异,这种变异可能会影响基因的表达,调节编码蛋白的功能,代表药物机制的作用。一项MR研究采用HMGCR基因上的变异体来替代他汀类药物的使用,并发现基因模拟的他汀类药物使用与T2DM风险较高有关,这与来自129170名参与者的RCT的证据一致。除了控制混杂和反向因果关系外, MR还提供了模拟初级预防试验的可能性,这些试验包括大样本量(最近的基因研究通常基于成千上万的参与者)和长干预持续时间(基因仪器暴露发生在结果之前,并且是终身的)。

目的:因此,我们进行了一项MR研究来检测降糖药物靶点的基因变异对AD风险的影响。

方法:采用双样本孟德尔随机化(MR)研究设计,检测四类降糖药物靶点的遗传变异与AD风险之间的关系。使用326885名参与者的英国生物库数据分析了血糖的遗传汇总统计数据,而AD的汇总统计数据是从以前的全基因组关联研究(GW AS)中检索的,包括24087例临床诊断的AD病例和55058例对照。对T2DM、胰岛素分泌、胰岛素抵抗和肥胖相关性状进行阳性对照分析,以验证IV的选择。

结果:在阳性对照分析中,磺脲类药物靶基因变异与胰岛素分泌增加、T2DM风险降低、体重指数、腰围和臀围增加相关,与药物机制作用和以前的试验证据一致。在初步分析中,磺脲类药物靶点的遗传变异与AD的低风险相关(血糖每下降1 mmol/L,OR=0.38,95%CI=0.19-0.72,P=0.0034)。在使用遗传变异体rs757110进行的敏感性分析中,磺脲类药物的这些结果基本上没有变化,RS 757110已被证实可调节磺脲类药物的靶蛋白(血糖每下降1 mmol/L,OR=0.35,95%CI=0.15-0.82,P=0.016)。还观察到GLP-1类似物靶标的遗传变异与AD风险降低之间的相关性(血糖每下降1 mmol/L,OR=0.32,95%CI=0.13-0.79,P=0.014)。然而,这一结果应谨慎解释,因为GLP-1类似物的阳性对照分析不符合先前临床试验中显示的体重减轻效应。关于其他药物类别的结果不确定。

表1降糖药物类别、靶点和编码基因信息

图1降糖药物类别的仪器选择。黑线代表DNA链,凸起的方框代表目标基因区域。楔形代表特定的遗传变异(SNPs,单核苷酸多态性)。楔形消失表明排除了SNPs。TZD、噻唑烷二酮类;GLP-1类似物、胰高血糖素样肽-1类似物;DPP-4抑制剂、二肽基肽酶4抑制剂;SGL T2抑制剂,钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白抑制剂。

图2 降糖药物靶标的遗传变异对葡萄糖代谢相关性状(图a-c)和肥胖相关性状(图d-f)的估计影响。代理基因是编码药物靶蛋白的基因,rs757110是已被证实调节磺脲类药物蛋白靶的变体。所有的估计值都换算成血糖每下降1毫摩尔/升。预计ָ、WC和HIP的估计β系数与临床试验的证据一致,即服用胰岛素类似物、磺脲类药物和TZD导致体重增加,服用GLP-1类似物导致体重减轻。四、工具变量;T2DM;ָ,身体质量指数;WC,腰围;臀围、臀围;TZD、噻唑烷二酮类;GLP 1类似物,胰高血糖素样肽1类似物。

图3 降糖药物靶点的遗传变异对阿尔茨海默病的估计影响,来自使用GWAS数据集的初步分析结果,该数据集包括24,087例临床诊断的迟发性阿尔茨海默病病例。代理基因是编码药物靶蛋白的基因,rs757110是已被证实调节磺脲类药物蛋白靶的变体。P<0.01表示有统计学意义,0.01

图4 降糖药物靶标中的遗传变异对阿尔茨海默病的估计影响,是使用GWAS数据集进行敏感性分析的结果,该数据集包括24,087例临床诊断的晚发型AD病例,并用R2从0.001到0.50聚集顺式变体。x轴下面的数字是R2的值,x轴上面的数字是用相应的R2聚集后的IVs的数目。

结论:磺脲类药物治疗靶点的遗传变异与AD风险降低相关,未来的研究需要阐明磺脲类药物和AD之间潜在的机制途径。

原文出处:Tang B,  Wang Y,  Jiang X, Genetic Variation in Targets of Anti-diabetic Drugs and Alzheimer Disease Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Neurology 2022 Jun 02

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topicList=[TopicDto(id=97777, encryptionId=4c9f9e777ac, topicName=阿尔茨海)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=636e2500187, createdName=12498da4m32(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Mar 18 23:40:06 CST 2023, time=2023-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2001895, encodeId=92c12001895e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d5df12695e6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Neurol#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12695, encryptionId=d5df12695e6, topicName=Neurol)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8217292, createdName=yinhl1978, createdTime=Tue Nov 29 10:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-11-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1895440, encodeId=3a2f1895440a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18ae64e21d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗靶点#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64721, encryptionId=18ae64e21d3, topicName=治疗靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55683, createdName=仁医06, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 02:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270950, encodeId=aac812e09501f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4066981e99e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降糖药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98179, encryptionId=4066981e99e, topicName=降糖药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1343060, encodeId=00c51343060a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34cb381023e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38102, encryptionId=34cb381023e, topicName=变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377222, encodeId=49ce13e72225f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=007d9506920' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95069, encryptionId=007d9506920, topicName=遗传变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73a3403, createdName=weihongyv, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1390283, encodeId=91ac13902837a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=355398180af' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降糖药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98180, encryptionId=355398180af, topicName=降糖药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb182500058, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061711, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1470600, encodeId=cff214e0600c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=45a79e7788c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海默#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97778, encryptionId=45a79e7788c, topicName=阿尔茨海默)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c5917090900, createdName=yhj-time, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-11-29 yinhl1978
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1817230, encodeId=f797181e230a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b59e77626' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97776, encryptionId=17b59e77626, topicName=阿尔茨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Bnia2EtH2IvyBtniaWHPQOYAicsN3IAL1ZuPV7qyALcdCiawRJdEiafMxWTxzERQW7eeKg8HfCKCRK2CJicy073C4RJg/132, createdBy=464b2500186, createdName=ms1948154235210413, createdTime=Fri Apr 07 02:40:06 CST 2023, time=2023-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1818253, encodeId=2d921818253df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c9f9e777ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, 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encodeId=00c51343060a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34cb381023e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38102, encryptionId=34cb381023e, topicName=变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377222, encodeId=49ce13e72225f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=007d9506920' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95069, encryptionId=007d9506920, topicName=遗传变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73a3403, createdName=weihongyv, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1390283, encodeId=91ac13902837a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=355398180af' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降糖药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98180, encryptionId=355398180af, topicName=降糖药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb182500058, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061711, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1470600, encodeId=cff214e0600c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=45a79e7788c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海默#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97778, encryptionId=45a79e7788c, topicName=阿尔茨海默)], 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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1817230, encodeId=f797181e230a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b59e77626' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97776, encryptionId=17b59e77626, topicName=阿尔茨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Bnia2EtH2IvyBtniaWHPQOYAicsN3IAL1ZuPV7qyALcdCiawRJdEiafMxWTxzERQW7eeKg8HfCKCRK2CJicy073C4RJg/132, createdBy=464b2500186, createdName=ms1948154235210413, createdTime=Fri Apr 07 02:40:06 CST 2023, time=2023-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1818253, encodeId=2d921818253df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c9f9e777ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, 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encodeId=00c51343060a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34cb381023e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38102, encryptionId=34cb381023e, topicName=变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377222, encodeId=49ce13e72225f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=007d9506920' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95069, encryptionId=007d9506920, topicName=遗传变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73a3403, createdName=weihongyv, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1390283, encodeId=91ac13902837a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=355398180af' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降糖药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98180, encryptionId=355398180af, topicName=降糖药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb182500058, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061711, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1470600, encodeId=cff214e0600c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=45a79e7788c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海默#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97778, encryptionId=45a79e7788c, topicName=阿尔茨海默)], 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  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1817230, encodeId=f797181e230a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=17b59e77626' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97776, encryptionId=17b59e77626, topicName=阿尔茨)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Bnia2EtH2IvyBtniaWHPQOYAicsN3IAL1ZuPV7qyALcdCiawRJdEiafMxWTxzERQW7eeKg8HfCKCRK2CJicy073C4RJg/132, createdBy=464b2500186, createdName=ms1948154235210413, createdTime=Fri Apr 07 02:40:06 CST 2023, time=2023-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1818253, encodeId=2d921818253df, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4c9f9e777ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64721, encryptionId=18ae64e21d3, topicName=治疗靶点)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55683, createdName=仁医06, createdTime=Wed Nov 02 02:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1270950, encodeId=aac812e09501f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4066981e99e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降糖药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98179, encryptionId=4066981e99e, topicName=降糖药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b63894, createdName=minlingfeng, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1343060, encodeId=00c51343060a1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=34cb381023e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=38102, encryptionId=34cb381023e, topicName=变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=78c32500188, createdName=12498dabm77暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1377222, encodeId=49ce13e72225f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=007d9506920' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#遗传变异#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95069, encryptionId=007d9506920, topicName=遗传变异)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=73a3403, createdName=weihongyv, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1390283, encodeId=91ac13902837a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=355398180af' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#降糖药物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=98180, encryptionId=355398180af, topicName=降糖药物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb182500058, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061711, createdTime=Thu Aug 11 00:40:06 CST 2022, time=2022-08-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1470600, encodeId=cff214e0600c3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=45a79e7788c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阿尔茨海默#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97778, encryptionId=45a79e7788c, topicName=阿尔茨海默)], 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  7. 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