Nature Metabolism:味精导致肥胖?研究揭示味精诱导肥胖的具体机制

2021-10-28 “ 生物世界”公众号 “ 生物世界”公众号

谷氨酸钠是味精的主要成分,也是构成人体的基本氨基酸。因此,从生理角度来推断,味精并不会给健康带来不利影响。但一直以来,围绕味精的争议和质疑却十分多,事实到底如何呢?

“民以食为天”,对于食物而言,味道是非常重要的,除了食材的本身,调味品也是决定食物味道的关键因素,在上世纪初,人们从海产品的鲜香中得到启发,发明了味精,从此餐桌上又多了一种基本味道——鲜味。

味精的主要成分是谷氨酸钠,而谷氨酸是构成人体的基本氨基酸,因此,从生理角度来推断,味精并不会给健康带来不利影响。但一直以来,围绕味精的争议和质疑却十分多,例如一些人认为过量食用味精会导致脱发、头痛和视力减退。

近日,美国科罗拉多大学的研究人员在 Nature Metabolism 期刊上发表了题为:Umami-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome is mediated by nucleotide degradation and uric acid generation 的研究论文。

该研究表明味精会导致肥胖,并且是一种独立于果糖和盐摄入激活之外的全新“致肥途径”。

具体来说,味精的主要成分——谷氨酸钠在被摄入体内后,会进入嘌呤代谢通路,在磷酸腺苷脱氨酶(AMPD2)的作用下转化为尿酸,而尿酸的堆积会增进食欲,诱发肥胖和糖尿病等代谢疾病。

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味精,一度成为家家户户必备的调味品,然而对于每天摄入味精的上限是多少,很多人都不清楚。对此,欧盟食品安全局发表声明,他们在重新评估味精安全性之后,认为味精的最大限额应设置为每天每公斤体重30毫克,相当于正常体重的成年人(60公斤)每天味精的摄入量应少于1.8克。

值得注意的是,鲜味食品被认为会增加肥胖和代谢综合症的风险,但此前的研究大多局限于现象观察,而没有确定相关的机制。在这项研究中,研究团队首次证实了味精通过磷酸腺苷脱氨酶(AMPD2)诱导小鼠肥胖和瘦素抵抗,并且这一过程是独立于果糖和盐摄入激活之外的全新“致肥途径”!

味精诱导肥胖和代谢综合征的作用机制

为了测试味精对热量摄入的影响,研究小组首先分析了成年野生型小鼠对味精浓度增加的反应。在两周的时间里,与未食用味精的对照组相比,喂食了味精的小鼠增加了水和食物的摄入量,体重也显着增加。

喂食了味精的小鼠增加了水和食物的摄入量,尿酸浓度和体重也显着增加

更重要的是,这种体重增加现象与味精浓度呈剂量依赖效应,服用60mM和300mM味精剂量的小鼠,2周内体重分别飙升了12.8%和19.2%,而未食用味精的对照组小鼠的体重仅增加了3.6%。

研究小组进一步探索了味精诱导小鼠体重增加的具体机制,他们发现,喂食了味精的小鼠血清中的尿酸水平显着增加。不仅如此,当尿酸代谢相关的酶——磷酸腺苷脱氨酶(AMPD2)在肝脏和脑中敲除之后,尽管食量相同,但味精诱导的代谢综合征和暴饮暴食现象得到了显着的改善。

敲除了AMPD2之后,小鼠中味精诱导的代谢综合征和暴饮暴食现象得到了显着的改善

这一现象表明,味精诱导的肥胖与嘌呤代谢途径密切相关:当谷氨酸钠(即味精)从肠道吸收后,在肝脏进入嘌呤代谢通路,先在AMPD2的作用下生成肌苷酸(IMP),最终代谢为尿酸。尿酸的堆积会增进小鼠食欲,导致热量摄入显着上升,最终诱导小鼠肥胖。

此外,由于肌苷酸(IMP)既是谷氨酸钠的代谢产物,还能增强味蕾对味精的敏感度,因此单独喂食肌苷酸也能加剧谷氨酸钠诱导的肥胖。与之相对,当使用了降尿酸药物——别嘌醇之后,对谷氨酸钠(味精)诱导的肥胖有一定缓和作用。

味精+IMP联合诱导小鼠的肥胖和代谢综合征

在证实了味精和肥胖之间的联系之后,研究小组还关注了高脂肪饮食诱导肥胖中的两种常见现象——瘦素抵抗和下丘脑炎症。研究结果显示,在味精诱导的肥胖小鼠中也出现了瘦素抵抗和下丘脑炎症。

高脂饮食和高味精饮食引起的肥胖具有不同但部分重叠的机制

综上所述,本研究发现了一种全新的肥胖和代谢综合征的饮食诱导机制,并为进食回路失调和摄食症发展的营养特异性机制提供了有趣的见解。未来还要确定味精和肌苷酸(IMP)如何改变下丘脑外奖赏回路以促进摄食,这将为肥胖的治疗提供新的思路。

原始出处:

Andres-Hernando, A., Cicerchi, C., Kuwabara, M. et al. Umami-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome is mediated by nucleotide degradation and uric acid generation. Nat Metab 3, 1189–1201 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-021-00454-z.

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    2022-05-21 一闲
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    2022-09-02 liye789132251
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    2021-11-19 guojianrong
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    2021-10-29 闆锋旦

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肥胖是一种代谢障碍性疾病,由于长期能量摄入大于身体消耗,体内脂肪堆积过多,导致超重,肥胖是糖尿病、高血压、冠心病等慢性病的危险因素。

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肥胖作为全球主要的一大公共卫生问题,也是慢性病的主要危险因素,包括心血管疾病(CVD)以及某些类型的癌症。

肥胖与高血压,关系大了|AHA科学声明

高血压的危害性相信不用再强调,大家耳熟能详。如何预防高血压,也是无数相关工作者一直在探索的方向。

超18万人研究发现:避孕药或降低多囊卵巢综合征女性患 2 型糖尿病的风险

每10名妇女中就有一名患有多囊卵巢综合症,这是一种终身的代谢紊乱疾病,找到减少其相关健康风险的方法是极其重要的。

Eur Respir J:中国人群大规模全基因组关联分析发现肺功能的新位点

这项大规模的肺功能GWAS确定了肺功能和肥胖之间的新基因位点和共同的遗传病因学。

CMI:冠状病毒2019住院患者的肥胖、糖尿病、高血压与严重结局有关

对COVID-19患者的初步研究表明,肥胖、糖尿病和高血压与严重结局相关。随后,一些作者指出,风险可能因年龄、性别、合并症和病史而异。