低钠血症合并脑水肿,竟和这种“聪明药”有关

2020-07-21 一条锦鲤 医学界神经病学频道

当血清钠浓度低于135mmol/L时,患者可以被诊断为低钠血症。

当血清钠浓度低于135mmol/L时,患者可以被诊断为低钠血症。

低血钠症作为一种在临床工作中相当常见的电解质紊乱,可以导致患者不同程度的临床表现。最严重时可导致脑水肿和颅内压升高,进而导致反射性的恶心呕吐、头痛和不同程度的意识障碍。

今天要分享的就是一个低钠血症导致脑水肿的病例,但特别的是这位患者的病因较为特别:和药物滥用有关。

01 晕厥在浴室,身边的药品包装暗藏玄机

被人发现时,这位32岁的男子已经晕厥并趴在自己的呕吐物中。

于是他被紧急送往医院急诊室,入院时格拉斯哥评分(GCS)4-6分。以芬太尼200μg,罗库溴铵80μg,异丙酚200μg镇静处理后接受气管插管,并转至强化治疗病房。治疗中,患者存在顽固性呕吐,体表可见瘀斑,眼底检查未见明显异常但肌张力高。

实验室检查方面,患者血清钠116mmol/L,C反应蛋白36mg/L,白细胞计数升高,其余未见明显异常。

表1:患者在院期间实验室检查数值一览


影像学检查方面,患者有颅内压(ICP)升高迹象但无结构异常和外伤证据。

医生向家属询问病史,家属诉患者有肠易激综合征病史,几周前从澳大利亚接受粪便微生物群移植后返回英国。近期患者生活态度相当积极,极少饮酒,否认吸烟,否认药物滥用史。患者既往病史包括肠易激综合征,2013年曾患莱姆病,既往有尿路感染(自服甘露糖缓解)。同时患者还有预激综合征、二叶主动脉瓣和脾肿大。

综合以上临床信息,患者接受了一系列支持性和抗感染治疗,经验性使用抗生素包括阿莫西林、甲硝唑、他唑巴坦和哌拉西林。患者还接受了卟啉症的筛查、相关自身免疫指标检查,并复查了肌酸激酶,但结果均为正常范围。

影像学完善了头颅MRI和胸部X片检查,头颅MRI示患者ICP有明显改善,脑室大致正常,皮质强化消失;但胸部X光可见双肺实变,符合肺炎的影像学改变。考虑患者吸入性肺炎可能,遂进一步安排了支气管镜下肺泡灌洗。

次日患者血清钠恢复正常,GCS 14/15,于是予以拔除气管插管。拔管后患者无需呼吸支持,神经异常得到改善。

02 病因原来和这种“聪明药”有关

由于该患者被发现时身边有空药盒,在入院的第三天他接受了药物滥用筛查。结果显示:美沙酮、可卡因、鸦片类药物与安非他明均为阴性,但苯二氮平类药物显阳性。

尽管药物滥用史依然是一片迷雾,但患者的诊断却已经可以明确:低钠血症和反常性高渗尿(尿钠>40mmol/L)。

排钠增多可归因与肾和肾外因素,但患者肌酐处于正常范围,故以肾衰竭和急性肾小管坏死为代表的肾性原因首先排除;其次,由于患者无利尿剂使用史,这一因素也被排除;肾外原因中,抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征(SIADH)和脑性盐耗综合征(CSWS)被首先考虑,但患者并无明显低容量状态,且甘露醇并无此副作用。

医生在寻找导致患者低钠的根本原因时一度陷入僵局。

患者清醒后,医生再次询问患者用药史。患者承认自行使用了超剂量的莫达非尼,但确切用量并不明确,只能确定超过600mg。同时他还承认自己曾服用醋哌甲酯,但剂量远远低于莫达非尼,预计不足200mg。据此,临床医师认为患者严重的低钠血症和低钠血症所致的脑水肿可归因于莫达非尼使用过量。

住院期间,患者电解质异常得以纠正,肺部感染控制并逐渐吸收,很快便出院了。出院后一月内患者仍存在秦都认知受损和遗忘。后续内分泌相关检查并未发现钠代谢异常疾病。

03 “聪明药”并不聪明,滥用会上瘾

患者晕倒时身边有莫达非尼的空盒,后患者也承认曾过量摄入莫达非尼。那么这究竟是什么药呢?

莫达非尼是一种非安非他明类的中枢兴奋剂,用于治疗发作性睡病相关的嗜睡。尽管目前其具体药理作用机制尚不明确,但在药物试验中观察到用药后细胞外多巴胺浓度显著提升,且新皮层的γ-氨基丁酸水平明显下降。

莫达非尼过量常见的临床表现是心悸以及中枢神经系统毒性,如头痛、眩晕、焦虑、易激惹、震颤和肌张力障碍。莫达非尼的致死量不明,有文献记载,曾有人试图一次性服用莫达非尼5000mg自杀,但并未死亡。该药的治疗剂量为100-400mg。出现本病例中如此严重的低钠血症和脑水肿尚属首例。在药物过量的纠正方面,主要依靠支持性治疗和针对患者症状对症处理,治疗重点是镇静,控制运动障碍和维持血压稳定。

除了治疗发作性睡病相关的嗜睡,它的超适应症用药还包括缓解多发性硬化症患者的疲劳和帕金森病患者的嗜睡。另外,由于它具有中枢兴奋作用,可以提高服药者的专注度,因此有一部分渴望提高学业水平、长时间保持专注力和清醒的学生也在偷偷使用,并给它取了一个吸引人的名字“聪明药”。

需要引起注意的是,莫达非尼就有成瘾性,在中国以及美国等地被严格管制,属于《中华人民共和国精神药品品种目录(2007年版)》的第一类精神药品,且在在绝大多数国家都属于处方药。显然,作为发作性睡病来讲,莫达非尼无疑是一剂良药,然而对于追求“聪明”的朋友来讲,滥用莫达非尼非但不明智,更是违法的行为。

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    2021-04-25 呵呵→_→

    很有用

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    2021-01-23 zutt
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    2020-07-22 小华子
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    2020-07-22 zz12341238
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    2020-07-22 Boyinsh

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患者男性,66岁,有50年的吸烟史和严重的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD),计算机断层扫描(CT)复查结果显示右上叶新发(RUL)肺结节和左下叶(LLL)慢性实变。患者肺功能检查(PFTS)显示气流阻塞,FEV1为2.58 L(81%预测)。6个月前的胸片上LLL实变明显,当地的肺科医生通过常规支气管镜活检检查该病灶,未发现恶性肿瘤的证据。

顽固性低钠血症的原因终于找到了,罪魁祸首竟然是它!

患者,老年女性,2小时前无明显诱因突然出现头痛,意识进行加重直至昏迷,呕吐大量胃内容物,行颅脑CT示蛛网膜下腔出血,以"蛛网膜下腔出血"于2019.7.23收入神经外科;于7.24行脑血管造影术+动脉瘤栓塞术;术后转入ICU继续治疗;患者于7.29由ICU转入我科。

JCEM:住院患者低钠血症的季节性变化

在夏季,随着室外温度的升高,住院患者低渗性低钠血症的患病率增加。老年女性住院患者最容易出现低钠血症患病率季节性的上升。

宫腔镜手术低钠血症1例

患者,女,30岁,身高163 cm,体质量57kg。因经期延长伴经量增多2年余入院,既往史无特殊,超声提示:子宫多发肌瘤(5~10个),最大者4.2 cm×3.3 cm;宫颈息肉2.2 cm×0.9 cm。拟在全凭静脉麻醉下行宫腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术及宫腔息肉切除术。入室后患者生命体征处于正常范围内,血压(BP)130/76mmHg,心率(HR)72次/min,脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)99%。