预防抗真菌药物不良反应,这样做就对了!

2020-02-28 李静,陈碧翠 上海药讯

近年来,真菌逐渐成为引起人类感染的常见病原体之一,但随着抗真菌药的应用,其不良反应的报道逐渐增多,因此我们有必要认识了解抗真菌药物的不良反应,从而预防此类药物不良反应的发生。

近年来,真菌逐渐成为引起人类感染的常见病原体之一,但随着抗真菌药的应用,其不良反应的报道逐渐增多,因此我们有必要认识了解抗真菌药物的不良反应,从而预防此类药物不良反应的发生。

目前常用的抗真菌药物主要包括多烯类、吡咯类、氟胞嘧啶、烯丙胺类、棘白菌素类等。

1、多烯类

多烯类抗真菌药主要影响细胞膜的通透性从而起到杀菌作用。包括两性霉素B、制霉菌素、那他霉素等。目前两性霉素B临床最为常用。两性霉素B常见有恶心、呕吐、食欲不振、发热、寒战、头痛等不良反应,主要的危险性是造成低血钾和对肾脏的毒性作用,可出现管型尿、蛋白尿。其他特异性的反应为支气管痉挛、急性肝功能衰竭、周身疼痛、心脏停搏及室颤、癫痫大发作、血小板减少及严重过敏性血栓形成。

两性霉素B 所致肾功能损害常见,用药期间应定期测定肾功能、肝功能、血电解质、周围血象、心电图等,以尽早发现异常,及时处理。



2、吡咯类

吡咯类包括咪唑类和三唑类,咪唑类药物有克霉唑、咪康唑、酮康唑等,三唑类有氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、泊沙康唑等。此类药物通过干扰细胞膜的脂质合成从而破坏真菌细胞膜结构。

克霉唑口服不良反应常见,除肠道症状外还有精神紊乱、尿频、皮疹等。咪康唑肌肉注射及鞘内注射时较口服不良反应高,并对造血系统有毒性作用,偶见正常红细胞性贫血或白细胞和血小板减少,酮康唑的不良反应严重,最突出的是引起肝坏死,甚至死亡,常见不良反应为恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、胀、皮疹等,偶可发生中性粒细胞减少和血小板减少等血液学检查指标改变。

氟康唑主要不良反应为恶心、头痛、皮疹、腹泻、呕吐等, 少数病人有一过性血清转氨酶升高等肝功能损害。伊曲康唑的不良反应主要临床表现有消化系统损伤、心脏损伤、水肿、过敏反应、神经损伤等,经停药和对症处理大多可恢复。伏立康唑在三唑类抗真菌药中安全性较高。常见不良反应为视觉障碍、发热、头痛、皮疹、肝功能异常等。

吡咯类可致肝毒性,因此在治疗过程中应严密观察临床征象及监测肝功能。唑类抗真菌药物对肝药酶有一定作用,与经肝药酶代谢的药物如华法林、环孢素、他克莫司、苯妥英、苯二氮卓类等合用时应谨慎。



3、氟胞嘧啶

氟胞嘧啶可以影响真菌核酸合成,从而杀灭真菌。氟胞嘧啶不良反应较少,有一定肝毒性,发生率一般在5% 左右。与两性霉素B合用后,对造血系统的毒性增加,可引起白细胞及血小板减少、骨髓抑制和再生障碍性贫血。其他还有恶心、呕吐、皮疹、腹泻及严重的小肠、结肠炎等。

氟胞嘧啶用药期间应定期检查周围血象、尿常规及肝、肾功能。由于其可抑制骨髓造血功能而导致白细胞和血小板减少,骨髓抑制、血液系统疾病或同时接受骨髓抑制药物的患者更易发生不良反应,此类患者应慎用。

4、烯丙胺类

烯丙胺类如特比萘芬和萘替芬同样通过干扰细胞膜的脂质合成来破坏真菌细胞膜结构。特比萘芬的耐受性好,不良反应常为轻中度。最常见的是胀满感,食欲降低,消化不良,恶心,轻微腹痛,腹泻、皮疹,荨麻疹、关节痛,肌痛。特比萘芬在治疗过程中应定期检查肝功能,如出现异常应及时停药。肝硬化或活动性肝病的患者不宜应用本药。

5、棘白菌素类

棘白菌素类抗真菌药包括卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、阿尼芬净等。该类药物通过抑制β-葡聚糖合成酶从而破坏真菌细胞壁的结构。卡泊芬净的不良反应包括发热和寒战、静脉炎、高血压、心动过速、恶心呕吐及呼吸急促等。米卡芬净不良反应有静脉炎、关节炎、头痛、寒战、高血压、腹泻、心悸、稀便、皮疹和斑丘疹等,可能发生中性粒细胞减少症,血小板减少或溶血性贫血等。棘白菌素类药物一般难受性良好,但仍应定期监测肝功能等。

所有抗真菌药物使用过程中都要密切观察,定期进行肝肾功能、血液学等检查,注意识别是否发生不良反应。肾脏损害最早的表现为蛋白尿与管型尿, 逐渐出现尿量改变、氮质血症、尿毒症、肾功能衰竭等表现。肝毒性临床表现轻者转氨酶升高、肝肿大,重者出现黄疸甚至肝衰竭危及生命。中枢神经系统毒性主要表现为头晕头痛、视觉障碍、癫痫发作等。血液系统毒性主要表现为白细胞减少与血小板减少。胃肠道反应多为恶心呕吐、腹痛腹泻、上腹部不适等。给药局部反应表现为血栓性静脉炎、局部疼痛等。其他包括皮疹、发热、胸闷、心悸、高血压等。



服用抗真菌药过程中出现不良反应一般可以耐受,患者不必惊慌。如出现不能耐受或严重的不良反应应该及时就医,由医师或药师决定是否停药或减量,并进行对症处理。建议患者应当在医师及药师的指导下正确且合理地服用药品,可以减少不良反应的发生。

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    2021-03-03 索朗阿也

    学习了

    0

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    2020-07-10 amy0563
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    2020-02-29 zhaojie88

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