JCI:SARS-CoV-2感染和疫苗接种对免疫记忆和加强策略的影响

2022-02-15 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

为了遏制COVID-19大流行,必须在全球范围内实现高免疫水平。然而,目前尚不清楚感染或疫苗诱导的免疫记忆将持续多长时间。

为了遏制COVID-19大流行,必须在全球范围内实现高免疫水平。然而,目前尚不清楚感染或疫苗诱导的免疫记忆将持续多长时间。

关于自然感染,研究表明,尽管抗体水平下降,但在大多数受试者中可在恢复后8个月内检测到记忆B和T细胞,尽管其中10-20%显示较弱的免疫记忆。

关于疫苗诱导的免疫记忆的寿命的信息更加稀少,因为免疫活动是在不到一年前开始的。真实世界研究表明,在完整的mRNA疫苗接种周期后6个月,所有年龄组对COVID-19的保护作用均显著降低,尽管对严重疾病和住院的保护作用仍然很高。

这些数据提出了是否需要增加剂量的问题,许多国家现在建议在第二剂疫苗注射6个月后再注射第三剂疫苗。

本文对SARS-CoV-2感染和疫苗接种后的免疫记忆以及加强针的效果做了研究。

方法:

我们对未感染和COVID-19恢复个体接种mRNA疫苗后长达8个月的SARS-CoV-2免疫记忆进行了纵向评价。我们还在两组个体队列中评估了加强注射的免疫学效应。最后,我们还在一个未接种疫苗的个体队列中评估了自然感染后SARS-CoV-2长达一年的免疫记忆。

结果:

我们发现,在接种疫苗后8个月仍可检测到记忆细胞,而抗体水平显著下降,尤其是在未感染受试者中。

我们还发现,在未感染受试者中,加强注射可有效重新激活对刺突蛋白的免疫记忆,而在既往SARS-CoV-2感染者中无效。

最后,我们在未接种疫苗的个体队列中观察到自然感染后长达1年SARS-CoV-2体液和细胞免疫的衰减动力学相似。

Figure 1:在naïve个体接种疫苗后,抗刺突抗体下降的速度比COVID-19恢复的受试者更快

Figure 3: naïve个体和COVID-19恢复的受试者在接种疫苗8个月后显示出类似的刺突蛋白特异性B细胞占比

Figure 4:在naïve个体和康复的COVID-19患者中,在接种疫苗后1个月,特异性CD4+ T细胞的频率相当,在接种后8个月保持稳定

Figure 6:加强疫苗接种在naïve个体中比COVID-19康复者更有效地恢复体液和细胞免疫

Figure 7:抗体(而非B和CD4 + T细胞)在自然感染后1年内下降

结论:

体液免疫的短期持续存在,以及对目前流行的SARS-CoV-2变体中和能力的降低,可能解释了再感染和突破性感染的原因。长寿记忆B和CD4 + T细胞可能保护严重的疾病发展。加强剂量可恢复未感染受试者的最佳抗刺突蛋白的免疫力,而对于接种疫苗的COVID-19恢复受试者,是否需要加强剂量尚未确定。

 

原文链接:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35139036/

SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination trigger long-lived B and CD4+ T lymphocytes: implications for booster strategies

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    2022-11-12 hukaixun
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    2022-02-16 zhaojie88
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    2022-02-15 ms2000001939126778

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