Sci Trans Med:益寿又延年!肠道微生物组研究的里程碑!

2019-11-20 佚名 中国生物技术网

近日,发表在《Science Translational Medicine》上的一项研究中,由新加坡南洋理工大学(NTU)、中国科学院上海巴斯德研究所等组成的国际研究团队发现,肠道微生物可能会改变衰老过程。这一研究结果有助于开发基于食物的抗衰老疗法。众所周知,包括我们人类在内的所有生命体都与体内的各种微生物共生。肠道微生物组还会随着宿主年龄的增长而进化。过去20年进行的研究已经确定了微生物在营养、

近日,发表在《Science Translational Medicine》上的一项研究中,由新加坡南洋理工大学(NTU)、中国科学院上海巴斯德研究所等组成的国际研究团队发现,肠道微生物可能会改变衰老过程。这一研究结果有助于开发基于食物的抗衰老疗法。

众所周知,包括我们人类在内的所有生命体都与体内的各种微生物共生。肠道微生物组还会随着宿主年龄的增长而进化。过去20年进行的研究已经确定了微生物在营养、生理、代谢和行为方面的重要作用,但关于微生物的变化对宿主生理和能量稳态的影响科学家们仍知之甚少。

为了探索这些潜在影响,由NTU李孔谦医学院的Sven Pettersson教授带领的研究团队,将来自衰老小鼠(24月龄)的肠道微生物移植到了无菌幼鼠(5-6周龄)中。八周后,这些受体小鼠的肠道生长和大脑中神经元的产生(神经发生)增加。



通过宏基因组学分析发现,产生丁酸盐的微生物在介导这种潜在作用。

丁酸盐是由食物中的膳食纤维在肠道中被微生物发酵分解而成的一种短链脂肪酸,它能增强肠黏膜免疫屏障的作用,从而阻止细菌及其代谢产物等进入血液引起炎症反应。

在这些受体小鼠中,肠道微生物组产生的丁酸浓度较高,与多效和长寿激素成纤维细胞生长因子21(FGF21)的增加有关,FGF21在调节人体能量和代谢中发挥着重要作用。已知随着年龄的增长,丁酸盐的产量会减少。

随后,研究人员发现,用外源丁酸盐处理的无菌小鼠具有与从老年供体小鼠接受肠道细菌移植的年轻无菌小鼠中观察到的延长寿命表型。


Pettersson教授说:“我们发现,从老年小鼠中收集的微生物能促进年轻小鼠神经发生的能力。这是一项令人惊讶且有趣的发现,尤其是我们可以仅通过使用丁酸盐就能模拟神经刺激作用。这一发现将促使我们继续探索丁酸盐在中风、脊柱损伤等情况下是否有助于修复和重建神经,并延缓衰老和减轻认知能力下降。”

研究团队还研究了从老年供体小鼠移植的肠道微生物对年轻小鼠肠道功能的影响。

随着年龄的增长,小肠细胞的活力降低,而这与粘液产生减少有关,导致肠细胞更容易受到损害,也更容易发生细胞死亡。

但是,添加丁酸盐有助于更好地调节肠屏障功能并降低炎症风险。

研究团队发现,接受来自老年供体微生物的小鼠小肠绒毛的长度和宽度都有所增加,小肠绒毛是小肠壁的屏障。此外,老年小鼠的小肠和结肠都比年轻无菌小鼠的要长。



接受微生物移植的老年和年轻小鼠的肠道组织切片,正在增殖的肠细胞呈绿色。
图片来源:《Science Translational Medicine》

这一发现表明,肠道微生物可以通过有益的刺激来为衰老的身体提供补偿和支持。

这带来了一种潜在的新方法,即通过模拟丁酸盐的富集和活化来应对衰老的负面影响。

Pettersson教授说:“我们可以设想未来的人体研究,测试含有丁酸盐的食品对健康衰老和成人神经发生的支持能力。新加坡有着浓厚的饮食文化,探索用食物来‘疗愈’我们自己,这将是一个有前景的未来。”

没有参与这项研究的马克斯普朗克研究所衰老生物学中心的Dario Riccardo Valenzano博士说:“这项发现是微生物组研究领域的一个里程碑。这些结果令人振奋,并为衰老生物学和微生物组研究提出了一些新的开放性问题,如小鼠在一生中是否会积极获取产生丁酸盐的微生物?以及极端衰老是否会导致这一基本菌群丧失?这可能最终将导致骨质疏松症和与年龄有关的功能障碍。”

新加坡国立大学健康老龄化中心主任Brian Kennedy教授发表了独立观点,他说:“令人惊讶的是,老年小鼠中的微生物组可以促进年轻受体的年轻表型。这表明,老化的菌群发生了改变,以弥补宿主体内积累的缺陷。这项发现带来了一个问题,即来自年轻动物的微生物组是否会对年轻宿主产生更大的影响呢。这项发现使我们进一步理解了微生物组及其宿主在衰老过程中的关系,为开发与微生物组相关的干预措施以促进健康长寿奠定了基础。”

这项新研究建立在Pettersson教授过去的研究之上,该研究是关于从健康小鼠移植肠道微生物如何在肌肉萎缩的无菌小鼠中恢复肌肉生长和功能。

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    2019-12-28 bsmagic9140
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    2020-05-20 xzw113
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