抗生素滥用:从严防控刻不容缓

2016-10-31 科学网 科学网

10月23日,浙江大学公共卫生学院发布了一份数据报告,通过对我国6省份的12000名大学生做出抗生素使用知识和行为调查后发现,19.9%的大学生就医时主动向医生索要抗生素,63.1%的大学生在家或宿舍中储备抗生素,95.5%的大学生在无处方的情况下买到了抗生素……诚然,滥用抗生素导致的细菌耐药性是全球最紧迫的公共卫生问题之一,而在我国,这一问题尤为凸显。国际著名人体生物组研究科学家马丁﹒布莱泽在其


10月23日,浙江大学公共卫生学院发布了一份数据报告,通过对我国6省份的12000名大学生做出抗生素使用知识和行为调查后发现,19.9%的大学生就医时主动向医生索要抗生素,63.1%的大学生在家或宿舍中储备抗生素,95.5%的大学生在无处方的情况下买到了抗生素……

诚然,滥用抗生素导致的细菌耐药性是全球最紧迫的公共卫生问题之一,而在我国,这一问题尤为凸显。国际著名人体生物组研究科学家马丁﹒布莱泽在其《消失的微生物》一书中便写道:在中国,抗生素问题已愈演愈烈。

福祸相依具两面性

今天,很多人忧心和关切国人的健康问题,这并非杞人忧天。作为抗生素的使用大国,我国每年生产抗生素21万吨,出口3万吨,其余全部用于自销,人均消费抗生素达138克,是美国的10倍。我国因此每年有20万人死于药品不良反应,其中百分之四十死于抗生素滥用。

在我国,很多健康人群或者轻度感染者,甚至仅是流鼻涕或皮肤感染的患者,也在使用抗生素。

“其实很多包括上呼吸道感染的疾病是由病毒引起的,而抗生素本身对治疗这类病毒感染没有帮助。”中科院微生物研究所研究员孟颂东指出,今天我们对由病毒引起的感染或疾病的治疗,绝大多数抗生素的使用都是不必要的。

的确,目前我国很多医生在并不能确定造成疾病的罪魁祸首究竟是细菌还是病毒感染的情况下,便习惯性地开出了抗生素。

祸兮福所倚,福兮祸所伏,万事都具有两面性。的确,抗生素的收益有时会很大,比如在某些手术前使用来预防感染。但另一方面,人类作为超级生物体,身体中的大部分细菌是友好的,可以帮助抵抗病菌的入侵,调节免疫系统。而如果这些友好的细菌被抗生素破坏掉,就会像上海系统生物医学研究中心副主任赵立平所言那样,人的生态系统的构建将会因此遇到大麻烦,大量有害无益的细菌种类将全面进攻人体,产生神经毒素、致癌物等,增加我们罹患神经、精神疾病甚至癌症的风险。

这并非耸人听闻。由于细菌变异速度非常快,基因组多种多样。我们在使用抗生素的过程中,本身就加速了细菌的自然选择。长此以往,人体携带的细菌将对抗生素更加耐受。马丁﹒布莱泽也因此指出,耐药微生物的泛滥将进一步导致抗生素的短缺,恶性循环。

切断细菌传播途径

其实在西方国家,人们一般对于轻微感染,都是利用人体的自身免疫系统来消灭细菌,这样避免了耐药性的快速产生。

在中科院微生物研究所研究员刘翠华看来,除了在必要时合理使用敏感的抗生素杀菌以消除传染源外,还可以通过注意公共卫生和环境卫生,切断传播途径来缓解细菌的侵蚀。另外,她认为通过提高人体的免疫力,即通过疫苗接种和改善营养不良等途径保护易感者,也可以缓解细菌的入侵。

的确,对于耐药细菌,细菌疫苗或噬菌体控制是不错的选择。“研发新型抗菌疫苗极为关键。”孟颂东认为,给易感人群和免疫力低下者注射细菌疫苗,可预防各种感染。

一般而言,大多数抗生素对病毒根本不起作用,而板蓝根等中药对于病毒感染反而是有较好疗效的。“当然,这也需要具体情况具体分析。”刘翠华指出。

此外,全面进一步提升我国的国家和社区细菌感染疫情的预警、流行病调查和隔离防控工作,更是必不可少遏制抗生素滥用的手段。

“抗生素本身对病毒感染没有治疗效果,但不可否认其对于控制由于病毒感染引发的继发性细菌感染是有一定疗效的。”孟颂东认为很多病毒感染,如流感病毒,都可能引发细菌感染,这些继发性感染对患者危害很大,因此我们还应该进一步探索更多方式来控制细菌继发性感染,而非仅依赖抗生素。

加强监管刻不容缓

“很多病人的病程很短,几乎一、两天内就可好转,但如果在病情好转之前服用了抗生素,人们往往会认为是抗生素在起作用,其实并非如此。”武汉大学公共卫生学院副教授黎浩表示。

在国内医院住院病人抗菌药物使用率平均在百分之七十,细菌的整体耐药性远高于欧美国家的现实情况下,我们必须行之有效提高医务人员的整体合理使用抗菌药物的能力,才能真正降低由于对抗生素的“无知”导致的病患死亡事件的发生率。

针对这一问题,孟颂东也表示,很多医生开出抗生素处方,有时只是为了预防,而非治疗。

“这是比较复杂的。”孟颂东首先肯定的是,有必要让医务人员充分认识到,给患者过量使用抗生素不仅会导致细菌的耐药,更会严重影响今后患者使用抗生素的疗效。“要让医务人员充分意识到自己这么做,甚至会导致患者在今后的疾病感染中,无有效的抗生素可以使用。”

但他也毫不讳言,如果不加强对我国医务人员抗生素处方以及开药的监管力度,仍无法从根本上遏制滥用事件的发生。此外,孟颂东认为由于我国大多数患者已经习惯于依赖大量抗生素,他建议有关部门还应联合起来对我国民众进行抗生素使用的普及性教育。

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    2017-04-07 zchen
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    2016-11-05 studylzc

    加强监管刻不容缓,尤其是在畜禽养殖业,动物摄入大量的抗生素,经过食物链还是上了餐桌,更别说它们能搞出多少耐药菌了!

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1758587, encodeId=ff4c1e5858727, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a1355435e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗生素滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55435, encryptionId=6a1355435e9, topicName=抗生素滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0cb237348942, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061723, createdTime=Thu Jun 08 00:28:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701531, encodeId=d7291e01531e2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Fri Apr 07 18:28:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=153613, encodeId=7a67153613ff, content=加强监管刻不容缓,尤其是在畜禽养殖业,动物摄入大量的抗生素,经过食物链还是上了餐桌,更别说它们能搞出多少耐药菌了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=2dd71722896, createdName=studylzc, createdTime=Sat Nov 05 12:07:02 CST 2016, time=2016-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152918, encodeId=1968152918de, content=在抗生素的使用上要严格控制,这个问题已被提出有好些年,但目前仍任重道远, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82351961337, createdName=1e137bdcm70(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Nov 02 15:45:41 CST 2016, time=2016-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152454, encodeId=9f0c15245449, content=一定要严控!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160923/IMG57E54D670B3C08868.jpg, createdBy=e90b1956497, createdName=Carlos007, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 21:43:34 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152389, encodeId=410f15238934, content=不错,学习了,顶顶!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 14:57:32 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152354, encodeId=f65a15235446, content=说得容易,做起来难!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20230812/e93037ddfed9425fb0316dc3e904f2f4/870c0a4383ef42ef803173fea0339be3.jpg, createdBy=27ba1551982, createdName=huangzh898, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 11:42:15 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-11-02 1e137bdcm70(暂无匿称)

    在抗生素的使用上要严格控制,这个问题已被提出有好些年,但目前仍任重道远

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1758587, encodeId=ff4c1e5858727, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a1355435e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗生素滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55435, encryptionId=6a1355435e9, topicName=抗生素滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0cb237348942, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061723, createdTime=Thu Jun 08 00:28:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701531, encodeId=d7291e01531e2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Fri Apr 07 18:28:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=153613, encodeId=7a67153613ff, content=加强监管刻不容缓,尤其是在畜禽养殖业,动物摄入大量的抗生素,经过食物链还是上了餐桌,更别说它们能搞出多少耐药菌了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=2dd71722896, createdName=studylzc, createdTime=Sat Nov 05 12:07:02 CST 2016, time=2016-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152918, encodeId=1968152918de, content=在抗生素的使用上要严格控制,这个问题已被提出有好些年,但目前仍任重道远, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82351961337, createdName=1e137bdcm70(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Nov 02 15:45:41 CST 2016, time=2016-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152454, encodeId=9f0c15245449, content=一定要严控!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160923/IMG57E54D670B3C08868.jpg, createdBy=e90b1956497, createdName=Carlos007, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 21:43:34 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152389, encodeId=410f15238934, content=不错,学习了,顶顶!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 14:57:32 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152354, encodeId=f65a15235446, content=说得容易,做起来难!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20230812/e93037ddfed9425fb0316dc3e904f2f4/870c0a4383ef42ef803173fea0339be3.jpg, createdBy=27ba1551982, createdName=huangzh898, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 11:42:15 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-31 Carlos007

    一定要严控!

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1758587, encodeId=ff4c1e5858727, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a1355435e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗生素滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55435, encryptionId=6a1355435e9, topicName=抗生素滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0cb237348942, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061723, createdTime=Thu Jun 08 00:28:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701531, encodeId=d7291e01531e2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Fri Apr 07 18:28:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=153613, encodeId=7a67153613ff, content=加强监管刻不容缓,尤其是在畜禽养殖业,动物摄入大量的抗生素,经过食物链还是上了餐桌,更别说它们能搞出多少耐药菌了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=2dd71722896, createdName=studylzc, createdTime=Sat Nov 05 12:07:02 CST 2016, time=2016-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152918, encodeId=1968152918de, content=在抗生素的使用上要严格控制,这个问题已被提出有好些年,但目前仍任重道远, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82351961337, createdName=1e137bdcm70(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Nov 02 15:45:41 CST 2016, time=2016-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152454, encodeId=9f0c15245449, content=一定要严控!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160923/IMG57E54D670B3C08868.jpg, createdBy=e90b1956497, createdName=Carlos007, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 21:43:34 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152389, encodeId=410f15238934, content=不错,学习了,顶顶!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 14:57:32 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152354, encodeId=f65a15235446, content=说得容易,做起来难!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20230812/e93037ddfed9425fb0316dc3e904f2f4/870c0a4383ef42ef803173fea0339be3.jpg, createdBy=27ba1551982, createdName=huangzh898, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 11:42:15 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-31 zhuzhuba1

    不错,学习了,顶顶!

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1758587, encodeId=ff4c1e5858727, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a1355435e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抗生素滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=55435, encryptionId=6a1355435e9, topicName=抗生素滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0cb237348942, createdName=yuhaisheng_ibp_32061723, createdTime=Thu Jun 08 00:28:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1701531, encodeId=d7291e01531e2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bedc665998e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#滥用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66599, encryptionId=bedc665998e, topicName=滥用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ea1030383785, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Fri Apr 07 18:28:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=153613, encodeId=7a67153613ff, content=加强监管刻不容缓,尤其是在畜禽养殖业,动物摄入大量的抗生素,经过食物链还是上了餐桌,更别说它们能搞出多少耐药菌了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=2dd71722896, createdName=studylzc, createdTime=Sat Nov 05 12:07:02 CST 2016, time=2016-11-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152918, encodeId=1968152918de, content=在抗生素的使用上要严格控制,这个问题已被提出有好些年,但目前仍任重道远, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=86, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82351961337, createdName=1e137bdcm70(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Nov 02 15:45:41 CST 2016, time=2016-11-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152454, encodeId=9f0c15245449, content=一定要严控!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160923/IMG57E54D670B3C08868.jpg, createdBy=e90b1956497, createdName=Carlos007, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 21:43:34 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152389, encodeId=410f15238934, content=不错,学习了,顶顶!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=c10c75714, createdName=zhuzhuba1, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 14:57:32 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=152354, encodeId=f65a15235446, content=说得容易,做起来难!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20230812/e93037ddfed9425fb0316dc3e904f2f4/870c0a4383ef42ef803173fea0339be3.jpg, createdBy=27ba1551982, createdName=huangzh898, createdTime=Mon Oct 31 11:42:15 CST 2016, time=2016-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-10-31 huangzh898

    说得容易,做起来难!

    0

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外媒称中国2050年抗生素滥用将致100万人过早死亡,我国14部委发布国家行动计划

近期,国家卫生计生委、发展改革委等14个部门联合印发了《遏制细菌耐药国家行动计划(2016-2020年)》,直指控制现有抗生素的过度使用。 抗生素滥用的最大后患就是加剧细菌的耐药性,最终导致“超级细菌”的到来。而感染“超级细菌”患者的死亡率大约是感染不耐药细菌患者的两倍。 中国是世界上人用和兽用抗生素的最大消费国,并已被指会造成潜在的灾难性后果。据英国韦尔科姆基金会5月的一份报