爱耳日|新生儿听力筛查“未通过”,该怎么办?

2018-02-25 于慧前/复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院耳鼻喉科 澎湃新闻

2018年3月3日是第19次全国“爱耳日”,今年的活动主题是“听见未来,从预防开始”。2006年全国残疾人抽样调查结果显示,我国听力残疾者有2780万人,占残疾人总数的33.51%,其中7岁以下的聋儿达80多万,每年新增聋儿3万余名。十多年过去了,“耳聋”“听力筛查”等越来越受到社会和家庭的关注,大多数新生儿能够进行听力普遍筛查(universal newborn hearing screeni

2018年3月3日是第19次全国“爱耳日”,今年的活动主题是“听见未来,从预防开始”。2006年全国残疾人抽样调查结果显示,我国听力残疾者有2780万人,占残疾人总数的33.51%,其中7岁以下的聋儿达80多万,每年新增聋儿3万余名。

十多年过去了,“耳聋”“听力筛查”等越来越受到社会和家庭的关注,大多数新生儿能够进行听力普遍筛查(universal newborn hearing screening,简称UNHS),但是很多家长在拿到一份听力筛查“未通过”的报告之后却无所适从,到底下一步应该怎么办?

首先,充分了解听力筛查的“五步走”原则。听力筛查分为五个阶段,即初筛(出生后3天)、复查(出生后42天)、全面诊断评估(出生后3个月)、听力干预(出生后6个月)和长期随访。详见下图:

其次,正确解读初筛和复查的“假阳性率”。初筛没有通过并不代表新生儿有永久性的听力障碍。上海市的大样本统计发现,初筛“未通过”的新生儿复查再次“不通过”的机率大概10%左右。因此,没有通过初筛的新生儿在出生后第42天及3月龄接受进一步的检测。绝大部分没有通过初筛的新生儿在3月龄内都能通过检测。

第三,全面诊断评估阶段耳鼻喉科医生的个体化“专业指导”原则。对于没有通过初筛和复查的婴幼儿,需要进行一系列听力评估,包括耳镜检查、耳声发射、声导抗、脑干听觉诱发电位(ABR)、多频稳态检查(ASSR)、行为测听及早期语前听能评估等相关检查,另外,部分婴幼儿还需要进行基因诊断和影像学检查,比如常见的大前庭导水管综合症、先天性内耳畸形等。通过上述检查,能够明确听力受损的类型、严重程度和病因等,从而确定下一步治疗方案。

第四,声音刺激和康复训练的“早期”原则。“十聋九哑”,聋哑症多是因聋而哑,他们的语言系统没有问题,但因为他们从小生活在一个无声的世界,进而丧失辨别声音和学习说话的能力。因此,在发现婴幼儿听力受损后,根据病情尽早开始干预治疗是重中之重。

目前,欧洲和美国已普遍将6个月内佩戴助听器、12个月植入人工耳蜗作为听障儿童早期干预的标准。有研究表明,即使是听力损失的儿童,早期听力干预辅以语言训练,其语言、智力有望达到正常儿童水平。

最后,强调随访的重要性,尤其是有致聋危险因素但筛查通过或诊断听力正常的婴幼儿。听力障碍高危因素包括早产(小于26周),或出生体重低于1500克;高胆红素血症;耳聋家族史;颅面部畸形;孕母宫内感染病史;孕期母亲耳毒性药物史;缺氧窒息史;机械通气史(5天以上);细菌性脑膜炎等。一般建议随访到3岁,随访的内容包括听力学检查、言语、认知、运动和社会情感评估等。

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    2018-03-08 半夏微凉

    阅读了谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-02-27 ysjykql
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    2018-02-26 飘飘爱

    很好

    0

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    2018-02-25 神功盖世

    0