Science 新闻:非酒精性脂肪肝治疗曙光乍现

2015-07-16 红枫 科学网

当一名患者走进Joel Lavine位于美国加州大学圣迭戈分校的办公室时,如果是上世纪90年代中期的医疗中心将很难发现其病情的严重程度。一种被称为黑棘皮症的褐色疤痕从他的颈背一直延伸至腋下,表明可能存在胰岛素阻抗——即细胞不能对控制血糖的激素产生正常应答的现象。穿刺活检分析显示,这名患者的肝脏出现了极其严重的损伤:大量的脂肪填满了细胞,压碎了细胞核和其他内容物。随着瘢痕组织对健康细胞的驱逐替代

当一名患者走进Joel Lavine位于美国加州大学圣迭戈分校的办公室时,如果是上世纪90年代中期的医疗中心将很难发现其病情的严重程度。一种被称为黑棘皮症的褐色疤痕从他的颈背一直延伸至腋下,表明可能存在胰岛素阻抗——即细胞不能对控制血糖的激素产生正常应答的现象。

穿刺活检分析显示,这名患者的肝脏出现了极其严重的损伤:大量的脂肪填满了细胞,压碎了细胞核和其他内容物。随着瘢痕组织对健康细胞的驱逐替代,肝硬化或是严重肝损伤正在形成。根据分析,这名患者的肝脏相当于一名中年酗酒者的肝脏状况,但他实际上只有8岁。

对于小儿肝脏病学家Lavine来说,这名男孩很明显患上了非酒精性脂肪肝炎(NASH)。该病通常与肥胖相关联,正如这种疾病的名字所表明的那样,NASH并非来源于酒精滥用,而是由肝脏中的过度脂肪所导致,由于脂肪过多会损坏肝脏,导致患者如果不进行肝脏移植就会死亡。

目前,由于高能量饮食的增加和习惯久坐的现代生活方式,NASH正在蔓延。据悉,当前全美约有20%~30%的人肝脏中存在过量脂肪(尽管他们并不饮酒),这种现象是脂肪肝的前体征兆。此外,据了解,该病甚至在被认为不可能出现的印度乡下地区也在发生。“这种疾病正在成为全球各地的一个严重问题。”法国巴黎萨伯特慈善医院肝脏病学家Vlad Ratziu说。

病因:三大来源

NASH曾经在数十年内都未被分辨出,主要是因为医生把它和酒精肝硬化(ASH)相混淆,后者也与肝脏脂肪堆积有关,但却是由严重酗酒所致。

1980年,明尼苏达州罗切斯特市梅约诊所病理学家Jurgen Ludwig和同事最先用NASH一词描述那些与酒精没有关联的、因肥胖而导致肝损伤的人群。随后,大量的NASH儿童患者驱散了脂肪肝与酒精相关联的困扰,Lavine说。

现在,利用影像技术很容易发现肝脏中的多余脂肪,然而检测许多人是否存在严重脂肪肝即NASH却更为棘手。“了解患者是否患有NASH的唯一方法是进行穿刺活检。”得克萨斯州布鲁克陆军医疗中心肠胃病学家Stephen Harrison说。尽管他表示,这种方法只是在皮肤上做一个极小的切口,但很多患者依然排斥做相关检查,因此很难判断他们是否存在NASH。研究人员估计,该病影响到美国2%~5%的人口。

得克萨斯大学西南医学中心分子生物学家Jay Horton说,脂肪肝是“一种因热量过剩导致的疾病”。能量摄取和能量消耗之间的失衡引发了肝脏的一系列病变。人体血液中大量从饮食中获取的脂肪酸抵达肝脏后,会被传入其他身体部位。“肝脏是身体的交通警察。”哥伦比亚市密苏里大学营养学家Elizabeth Parks比喻说,而该器官本身却只会留下很少的脂肪。

然而,在一些人群中,肝脏却成了囤积库,开始储存甘油三酯——脂肪的一种形式。有时储存量过高,让肝脏“看起来就像黄油”,Lavine说。研究发现,除了饮食中的脂肪酸之外,脂肪肝还有两个其他来源:在肝脏之外,被称为脂细胞的脂肪储存细胞会持续释放其内容物,导致脂肪堆积在肝脏;同时,肝脏本身也会合成部分脂肪。这三个来源的增加就会导致脂肪肝形成。

在很多由代谢性异常导致的脂肪肝积累中,胰岛素阻抗是最主要的问题,Chalasani说。当细胞对荷尔蒙的应答减少,就会出现这种现象,通常主要是因为从饮食中摄取的营养过量,从而通过多种方式导致肝脏中的脂肪堆积。其他的因素,诸如从肠道微生物的种类到遗传学的变化,也可能导致肝脏中脂肪堆积量的增加。

病症:致死率高

伴随着脂肪堆积,通常会出现一系列典型的健康问题,包括肥胖症、糖尿病等。但一般情况下,多余的脂肪并不会致命,Harrison说,更多时候“你会带着脂肪老去”。

但对发展成NASH的人来说,情况就变得很糟。他们中有25%的人会发生肝硬化,从而摧毁肝脏。和患有良性脂肪肝的人相比,NASH患者通常会有两个典型特征:其一,当白血细胞潜入肝脏时,患者肝脏炎症会更严重;其二,当最活跃的肝细胞膨胀至正常情况下的两倍时,一种称为肿胀的病症就会预兆着肝脏的衰竭。

这两种症状会导致许多隐藏的问题:使肝脏纤维化或是在胶原蛋白中逐渐形成大量瘢痕组织。当瘢痕不断增长,就会取代越来越多的肝脏,让健康细胞越来越少,有时甚至会导致肝功能衰竭。肝硬化还会导致肝癌,然而当前科学家尚不清楚其致病机理。

此外,目前仍不清楚为何1/3的脂肪肝患者会发展成NASH。“这个棘手的问题尚待解答。”加州大学圣迭戈分校肝脏病学家Rohit Loomba说。一些科学家推测,其原因是脂肪本身对于肝细胞是有毒的,而其他的证据则指向炎症和氧化应激压力。

瘢痕组织是否会在脂肪肝中堆积,取决于肝脏器官的自我愈合能力。北卡罗莱纳州达勒姆杜克大学医学中心肝脏病学家Anna Mae Diehl和同事在2011年发表于《病理学期刊》的研究中指出,由于在发育过程中一种重要的分析信号通路活动过度,导致NASH患者肝脏的修复机能出了岔子。

治疗:拨云见日

目前,除了少食多动,医生很难给NASH患者以其他建议。如果一名患者的症状已经严重到肝功能衰竭,那么就要进行肝移植。但在目前,“挽救一名严重肝脏病患者的能力仍然极其有限”,Caldwell说。

然而,这种阴霾的局面即将改变。受到慢性药物治疗背后利润的诱惑(据估算,相关市场年利润可达350亿美元),很多生物科技和制药公司已经启动了NASH药物研发项目。今年,至少有两种治疗NASH的药物有望进入三期临床试验。

有研究人员表示,截至目前,最有前途的NASH疗法是奥贝胆酸。肝脏会产生有助于肠道吸收脂肪的胆汁酸,从而帮助管理脂肪和糖原代谢。奥贝胆酸是一种经过改良的胆汁酸,它会刺激细胞接收器,促进其对于胰岛素的敏感性,并减少血液中的甘油三酯含量。

然而,研究人员和制药公司的投资者仍存忧虑。Loomba指出,目前检测的药物没有哪一种可以让一半的NASH患者受益。尽管奥贝胆酸会减少肝脏纤维化,但它却会提升低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,该胆固醇会增加患心血管病的风险。这一现象令人担忧,Chalasani说:“因为这些人已经存在较一般人更高的冠心病和心血管病患病风险。”

尽管如此,一项针对2500名严重肝纤维化患者进行的奥贝胆酸三期临床测验已经计划在今年夏末启动。NASH科研人员首次迎来了治疗严重肝硬化的第一缕曙光。无论是阻止还是逆转NASH,圣路易斯大学医学院肝脏病学家Brent Neuschwander-Tetri说,最终看起来像是有了“一个可以触及的目标”。

原始出处:

Mitch Leslie.Feature: How what we eat is destroying our livers.Science.July 13,2015.DOI: 10.1126/science.aac8796

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    2016-09-01 QQ56766061

    非酒精性脂肪肝有这么严重的情况,应引以为戒

    0

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    2016-07-19 doctorJiangchao

    好研究 学习了

    0

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    2016-01-02 yangpeizhi
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    2015-07-21 qingfengqishi5

    收藏了

    0

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    2015-07-18 jichang
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    2015-07-16 medcardio

    关键的分子机制还不明确,也没有特定人要,从长远来看,想解决这个问题还需要很长时间

    0

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6-乙基鹅去氧胆酸(OCA,INT-747)是人初级胆汁酸中鹅去氧胆酸的一种新型衍生物,为法尼酯衍生物X受体(FXR)的天然拮抗剂,是调节葡萄糖和脂质代谢的一种核激素受体。在动物模型中,OCA降低了胰岛素抵抗和肝脏脂肪变性。近日,来自美国加利福利亚大学的Sunder Mudaliar等进行了一项双盲、安慰剂对照研究,评价OCA在2型糖尿病及非酒精性脂肪肝患者中对于胰岛素敏感性作用

PLoS One:饮食有关的酸负荷可能与香港人非酒精性脂肪肝有关

非酒精性肝病(Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD) 与代谢酸化,生长激素等都可能有关。轻度的代谢酸化可能由饮食诱导,饮食诱导的酸负荷可能影响到NAFLD发展。本研究旨在阐明这一课题。在香港招募19-72岁健康中国成人(330名男性,463名女性),按Frassetto方法计算内源性酸产物( net endogenous aci

Diabetologia:依折麦布治疗非酒精性脂肪肝应慎重

单组临床试验研究和动物实验研究都表明,胆固醇吸收抑制剂依折麦布可有效改善非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的病理特征。然而,缺少关于这方面的随机对照试验数据。 为此,来自日本金泽大学的Takamura教授及其团队进行了一项随机对照开放临床试验,探讨依折麦布对NAFLD病理特征的影响。该研究结果发表在2014年05月的Diabetologia杂志上。 该研究计划招募80例患者,就像Takamura教授

J Hepatology:常喝含糖饮料会引起脂肪肝?!

来自Tufts大学Jean Mayer USDA人类衰老营养研究中心(USDA HRNCA)的研究人员发现,每天喝含糖饮料的习惯可能会引起非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)。此项研究结果近日在线发表于Journal of Hepatology杂志上。 非酒精性脂肪肝是在肝脏有脂肪的大量堆积,但与饮酒无关。这类脂肪肝可由超声,计算机断层扫描,核磁共振成像及组织活检诊断。在美国,约25%的人患有此类的