ACR 2021——30年了!ACR血管炎标准终于更新了!

2021-11-17 彼岸边草 MedSci原创

目前临床上采用的血管炎分类标准还是1990年的ACR标准。旧标准已经不能够很好的辅助临床的诊疗,血管炎亟待一个新的标准。于今年刚结束的ACR大会上,发布了最新的2022年的血管炎分类标准。

血管炎是指血管壁中存在炎性细胞,对血管壁结构有反应性损伤。血管完整性丧失(导致出血)和管腔受损都可能导致下游组织缺血和坏死。血管炎的确切发病机制尚不清楚。

目前血管炎的分类还依赖于1990年ACR制定的分类标准,一般来说,受累血管的大小、类型和位置与特定类型的血管炎有关。但毕竟标准使用了30多年,已经逐渐不能满足临床需求。

1990年ACR分类标准的局限性

1. 检查手段局限:1990年ACR标准制定之时,血管成像并未被广泛应用。
2. 年龄局限:年龄在40~50岁之间的患者很难区分肉芽肿性多血管炎(GCA)和大动脉炎(TAK)。
3. 地域局限:当时的标准只纳入了来自北美的患者,并无其他人群的数据。
4.样本量局限:此前研究只纳入了63份病例,样本量较小;且对照组仅纳入小血管炎的病人,其他的易与大血管炎混淆的疾病并未纳入。
5.敏感性和特异性降低,已经不能满足现在的临床要求。
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最新的研究队列显示,旧指南的敏感性较低

鉴于此,在美国当地时间11月3日至11月9日召开的美国风湿病学会(ACR)年会上,ACR与欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)联合发布《2022年版血管炎分类标准》,标准涉及抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)相关性血管炎(AAV)(肉芽肿性多血管炎[GPA]、显微镜下多血管炎[MPA]和嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎[EGPA])和大血管炎(巨细胞动脉炎[GCA]、大动脉炎[TAK])等多个类型的血管炎。

新发布的2022ACR/EULAR分类标准是迄今为止最大规模的血管炎的研究,纳入了1400多例病例,同时也纳入了除了北美外的数据,覆盖32个国家的136个中心。同时新的影像学检查技术也被纳入到分类标准中来,希望能够满足当代血管炎诊疗的需要。

ANCA相关性血管炎(AAV)

AAV是一种坏死性血管炎,无明显免疫复合物沉积,与髓过氧化物酶特异性ANCA(MPO-ANCA)或蛋白酶3特异性ANCA(PR3-ANCA)相关。主要累及小血管(小动 脉、微小动脉、微小静脉和毛细血管),也可有中血管受累。

ANCA阴性AAV类似于血清阴性红斑狼疮或血清阴性类风湿性关节炎,患者满足AAV的诊断,但ANCA血清学检测结果为阴性。AAV患者ANCA阴性可能因为当前方法尚无法检测到,或可能具有尚未发现的特异性ANCA,或致病因素与ANCA阳性无关。不同于小血管动脉炎特征性的中度至大量血管壁免疫沉积物,血管壁少或无免疫沉积物是AAV的主要特征

肉芽肿性多血管炎(GPA)

肉芽肿性多血管炎(GPA)是一种主要累及中小血管(例如毛细血管、小静脉、小动脉、动脉和静脉)的坏死性血管炎。它通常会导致上呼吸道和下呼吸道的肉芽肿性血管炎,以及坏死性寡免疫复合物肾小球肾炎。80% 以上的 GPA 患者存在 ANCA。

 

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新标准的的敏感性92%、特异性94%。

显微镜下多血管炎(MPA)

MPA是一种坏死性血管炎,主要累及毛细血管、微静脉或微动脉,最常见表现为坏死性肾小球肾炎和肺毛细血管炎,中小动脉也可受累。通常无肉芽肿性炎症,可与肉芽肿 性多血管炎相鉴别。90% 以上的 MPA 患者存在 ANCA。

 

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该标准敏感性91%、特异性94%。

嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(EGPA)

嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(EGPA) EGPA 是一种组织中嗜酸性粒细胞浸润的肉芽肿性坏死性血管炎,主要累及中小血管,也称为变应性肉芽肿性血管炎、Churg-Strauss 综合征。患者常有过敏性哮喘、慢性鼻-鼻窦炎,外周血嗜酸性粒细胞明显 增多。

 

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大血管炎(LVV)

大血管炎(LVV)中Takayasu动脉炎(TAK)和巨细胞动脉炎(GCA)的组织病理学特征难以区分。两个都主要发生于女性。尽管LVV对大动脉影响很大,特定患者的大动脉可能不是受影响的主要血管类型,因为可能有许多更小分支受影响(尤其是中动脉)。

例如,成像和荧光素血管造影研究表明,巨细胞动脉炎的眼部受累可能影响不仅是眼动脉,还有视网膜动脉和多个睫状动脉(中动脉),甚至睫状动脉和视网膜动脉的较小分支(小动脉)。

大动脉炎(TAK)

TAK以女性多见,主要影响主动脉和/或其主要分支血管。发病年龄通常在50岁,这有别于巨细胞动脉炎(通常发生在50岁之后)。

 

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VS

 

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新标准的敏感性为94%,特异性99%。新标准较1990年标准不仅改变了诊断方法:由确诊条目改为积分制。而且放宽了年龄的限制,由40岁改为60岁。

巨细胞动脉炎(GCA)

又称为颞动脉炎,常为肉芽肿性动脉炎。主要累及主动脉及其主要分支,包括颈动脉分支,尤其是颞动脉。通常在50岁之后发病,其中70~90岁个体的发病率显著增加,常伴发风湿性多肌痛。

 

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VS

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新标准的颁布,仍然需要更多的数据来验证它的适用性。

参考文献:

[1]. Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Jan;65(1):1-11. doi: 10.1002/art.37715. PMID: 23045170.

[2]. Peter Grayson,Raashid Luqmani. New ACR/EULAR Classification Criteria for Vasculitis”ACR convergence 2021,oral presentation.

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    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2096372, encodeId=fcae20963e2ab, content=学习到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1dcf8329166, createdName=ms6000000002817062, createdTime=Thu Oct 27 01:55:28 CST 2022, time=2022-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071618, encodeId=010f10e16189a, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dd305637358, createdName=ms9000000252861142, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 07:37:51 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263264, encodeId=bb1b12632643d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581e8968859' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89688, encryptionId=581e8968859, topicName=血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=909c71, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 02:48:45 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1400505, encodeId=8252140050538, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e7c018e7af' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1877, encryptionId=e7c018e7af, topicName=ACR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19792261142, createdName=10518094zz, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 02:48:45 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071329, encodeId=c41610e13298c, content=怎样下载, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201109/6ea5abada2334aabb2737efec80d0f14/16a8a75d63a842369f74b14d4c0fcf86.jpg, createdBy=a8555433340, createdName=春江水暖, createdTime=Thu Nov 18 09:57:24 CST 2021, time=2021-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071081, encodeId=de0910e1081f3, content=能下载吗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201109/6ea5abada2334aabb2737efec80d0f14/16a8a75d63a842369f74b14d4c0fcf86.jpg, createdBy=a8555433340, createdName=春江水暖, createdTime=Wed Nov 17 13:06:28 CST 2021, time=2021-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071069, encodeId=2b8b10e106985, content=棒棒哒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211103/0c5e5368ea574291969353a835b71d0f/9e9e98a2e3254bdc806d1750a552dc1e.jpg, createdBy=fb501831399, createdName=明天麻麻, createdTime=Wed Nov 17 12:22:24 CST 2021, time=2021-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-19 10518094zz
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2096372, encodeId=fcae20963e2ab, content=学习到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1dcf8329166, createdName=ms6000000002817062, createdTime=Thu Oct 27 01:55:28 CST 2022, time=2022-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071618, encodeId=010f10e16189a, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dd305637358, createdName=ms9000000252861142, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 07:37:51 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263264, encodeId=bb1b12632643d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581e8968859' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89688, encryptionId=581e8968859, topicName=血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=909c71, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 02:48:45 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1400505, encodeId=8252140050538, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e7c018e7af' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1877, encryptionId=e7c018e7af, topicName=ACR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19792261142, createdName=10518094zz, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 02:48:45 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071329, encodeId=c41610e13298c, content=怎样下载, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201109/6ea5abada2334aabb2737efec80d0f14/16a8a75d63a842369f74b14d4c0fcf86.jpg, createdBy=a8555433340, createdName=春江水暖, createdTime=Thu Nov 18 09:57:24 CST 2021, time=2021-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071081, encodeId=de0910e1081f3, content=能下载吗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201109/6ea5abada2334aabb2737efec80d0f14/16a8a75d63a842369f74b14d4c0fcf86.jpg, createdBy=a8555433340, createdName=春江水暖, createdTime=Wed Nov 17 13:06:28 CST 2021, time=2021-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071069, encodeId=2b8b10e106985, content=棒棒哒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211103/0c5e5368ea574291969353a835b71d0f/9e9e98a2e3254bdc806d1750a552dc1e.jpg, createdBy=fb501831399, createdName=明天麻麻, createdTime=Wed Nov 17 12:22:24 CST 2021, time=2021-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-18 春江水暖

    怎样下载

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2096372, encodeId=fcae20963e2ab, content=学习到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1dcf8329166, createdName=ms6000000002817062, createdTime=Thu Oct 27 01:55:28 CST 2022, time=2022-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071618, encodeId=010f10e16189a, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dd305637358, createdName=ms9000000252861142, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 07:37:51 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263264, encodeId=bb1b12632643d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581e8968859' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89688, encryptionId=581e8968859, topicName=血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=909c71, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 02:48:45 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1400505, encodeId=8252140050538, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e7c018e7af' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1877, encryptionId=e7c018e7af, topicName=ACR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19792261142, createdName=10518094zz, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 02:48:45 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071329, encodeId=c41610e13298c, content=怎样下载, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201109/6ea5abada2334aabb2737efec80d0f14/16a8a75d63a842369f74b14d4c0fcf86.jpg, createdBy=a8555433340, createdName=春江水暖, createdTime=Thu Nov 18 09:57:24 CST 2021, time=2021-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071081, encodeId=de0910e1081f3, content=能下载吗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201109/6ea5abada2334aabb2737efec80d0f14/16a8a75d63a842369f74b14d4c0fcf86.jpg, createdBy=a8555433340, createdName=春江水暖, createdTime=Wed Nov 17 13:06:28 CST 2021, time=2021-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071069, encodeId=2b8b10e106985, content=棒棒哒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211103/0c5e5368ea574291969353a835b71d0f/9e9e98a2e3254bdc806d1750a552dc1e.jpg, createdBy=fb501831399, createdName=明天麻麻, createdTime=Wed Nov 17 12:22:24 CST 2021, time=2021-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-17 春江水暖

    能下载吗

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2096372, encodeId=fcae20963e2ab, content=学习到了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1dcf8329166, createdName=ms6000000002817062, createdTime=Thu Oct 27 01:55:28 CST 2022, time=2022-10-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071618, encodeId=010f10e16189a, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=62, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dd305637358, createdName=ms9000000252861142, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 07:37:51 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1263264, encodeId=bb1b12632643d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=581e8968859' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#血管炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=89688, encryptionId=581e8968859, topicName=血管炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=909c71, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 02:48:45 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1400505, encodeId=8252140050538, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e7c018e7af' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACR#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1877, encryptionId=e7c018e7af, topicName=ACR)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=19792261142, createdName=10518094zz, createdTime=Fri Nov 19 02:48:45 CST 2021, time=2021-11-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071329, encodeId=c41610e13298c, content=怎样下载, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201109/6ea5abada2334aabb2737efec80d0f14/16a8a75d63a842369f74b14d4c0fcf86.jpg, createdBy=a8555433340, createdName=春江水暖, createdTime=Thu Nov 18 09:57:24 CST 2021, time=2021-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071081, encodeId=de0910e1081f3, content=能下载吗, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201109/6ea5abada2334aabb2737efec80d0f14/16a8a75d63a842369f74b14d4c0fcf86.jpg, createdBy=a8555433340, createdName=春江水暖, createdTime=Wed Nov 17 13:06:28 CST 2021, time=2021-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071069, encodeId=2b8b10e106985, content=棒棒哒, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211103/0c5e5368ea574291969353a835b71d0f/9e9e98a2e3254bdc806d1750a552dc1e.jpg, createdBy=fb501831399, createdName=明天麻麻, createdTime=Wed Nov 17 12:22:24 CST 2021, time=2021-11-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-11-17 明天麻麻

    棒棒哒

    0

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