AHA:300万人群研究显示ARB对首次服用降压药人群更友好

2022-05-27 Sunny MedSci原创

围观!300万真实研究数据告诉你降压药怎么选

healthblog.uofmhealth

根据昨天(2021年7月26日)发表在美国心脏协会期刊Hypertension上的真实数据分析,在对近300万名首次服用单一高血压药物的患者进行的分析中,研究了51种可能的副作用和安全问题。研究发现血管紧张素受体阻断剂(ARB)在预防与高血压有关的心血管事件(包括心脏病发作、中风和心力衰竭)方面与血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)一样出色,且服用ARB的病人发生组织肿胀、咳嗽、胰腺炎和消化道出血的可能性明显降低。

ACEI:常用的血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂主要有依那普利、卡托普利、福辛普利等。

ACEI 具有减少尿蛋白及改善胰岛素抵抗的作用,尤其适用于伴有心衰、心梗、糖尿病肾病患者。研究证明ACEI可明显降低高血压合并心力衰竭患者的死亡率及致残率,同时是高血压合并糖尿病伴肾功能损害的首选药物。

ACEI 类药物不良反应主要有干咳、高血钾、肾功能不全加重、致畸性、过敏性血管性水肿等,干咳最为常见,一般无需特殊治疗,停药即可。

ARB:临床常用药物主要有氯沙坦、缬沙坦、氯沙坦钾、厄贝沙坦等。

通过作用于血管紧张素Ⅱ受体起到抑制醛固酮释放、血管收缩等作用,进而发挥降压效果,可直接应用于绝大多数高血压患者,亦可应用于ACEI 不可耐受的高血压患者,其禁忌证与ACEI 基本相同,但其不良反应发生率明显低于ACEI,无干咳不良反应发生。有研究认为ARB亦可作为糖尿病患者的首选药物,无论是否伴有高血压。且本类药物具有降压起效缓慢,但持久而平稳的优点。

目前,作为首次血压控制药物,ACEI比ARB更常见。虽然ACEI在降血压药物中可能更常用,但血管紧张素受体阻滞剂 (ARB) 的作用也同样好,并且可能引起的副作用更少。

该研究结果基于对美国、德国和韩国的八个电子健康记录和保险索赔数据库的分析,其中包括近 300万首次服用高血压药物且没有心脏病或中风病史的患者。

这两种药物都对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统起作用,这是一组共同作用以调节血压的相关激素。ACEI通过在系统早期阻断一种酶来降低血压,从而减少血管紧张素(使血管变窄的化学物质)的产生,血管可以保持更舒张的状态。ARB阻断血管紧张素附着的血管受体,减弱其血管收缩作用。

AHA/ACC 2017年成人高血压预防、检测、评估和管理指南指出,治疗高血压的主要药物是噻嗪类利尿剂、ACEI、ARB和钙通道阻滞剂,因为它们已被证明可以降低心血管事件的发生。即使需要药物治疗,也建议通过体育锻炼和其他生活方式的改变来控制所有水平的高血压。

本研究回顾了 1996 年至 2018 年间首次使用单一药物进行降压治疗的患者的健康记录。研究人员将接受 ACEI 治疗的 2297881 名患者与接受 ARB 治疗的 673938 名患者的心脏相关事件和中风的发生率进行了比较。心脏相关事件包括心脏病发作、心力衰竭或中风,及数据库中记录的任何这些事件或心脏性猝死的病例。研究人员还比较了两组之间 51 种不同副作用的发生情况。数据库记录中的随访时间各不相同,但范围从大约 4 个月到超过 18 个月不等。

他们发现在心脏病发作、中风、因心力衰竭而住院或任何心脏事件的发生方面没有显著差异。然而,他们发现在四种药物副作用的发生上有明显的差异。与服用ARB的人相比,服用ACE抑制剂的人:

-出现皮肤和粘膜深层的液体积聚和肿胀(血管性水肿)的可能性要高3.3倍。

-出现咳嗽(可能是干咳、持续的、烦人的)的可能性增加32%。

-胰腺突然发炎(胰腺炎)的可能性增加32%;

-发生胃肠道出血的可能性增加18%。

在研究中没有发现这两种药物在减少高血压并发症方面的差异,但确实看到了副作用的差异,如果患者是首次开始高血压药物治疗,该研究结果表明推荐从使用 ARB 开始而不是 ACEI。

在刚开始治疗的患者中,ARB 的有效性没有差异,并且可能比 ACE 抑制剂的副作用更少,但不能将这些结论扩展到已经服用 ACEI或正在服用多种药物的人。研究者强调,如果患者的高血压药物出现任何副作用,应该与医生讨论抗高血压方案是否需要进行调整。

该研究受到不同数据库中患者被纳入的时间长度的巨大差异的限制。尽管许多人被跟踪了很长时间,但那些跟踪时间较短的人可能没有服用足够长的时间来体验其在预防心血管疾病事件中的全部益处。大多数服用ACEI的参与者(80%)都在服用利辛普利,而使用最多的ARB(占服用该类药物的45%)是洛沙坦,因此这些结果可能不能完全推广到这些类别的其他药物。同样重要的是要注意,这种对一线治疗的分析结果可能无法推广到那些被开出联合治疗的高血压患者或从一种药物转到另一种药物的患者。

美国心脏协会建议,除了鼓励病人过健康的生活方式并按处方服药控制血压外,还应定期用经过验证的设备进行自我血压监测,并与医护人员一起制定降血压的计划。

原始出处:

Comparative First-Line Effectiveness and Safety of ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers: A Multinational Cohort Study. Hypertension, 2021; DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16667

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    2021-07-29 zhaohui6731
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    2021-07-27 1466f1b5m86(暂无昵称)

    不错

    0

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    2021-07-27 西红柿子首富

    好文章,学习

    0

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    2021-07-27 yangchou

    好文章,谢谢分享!

    0

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    2021-07-27 ms9000001912056126

    0

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