Science :专家点评!重大发现,轮状病毒引起严重腹泻的原因被解密

2020-11-25 枫叶 iNature

轮状病毒(RV)通过广泛失调肠内稳态而导致全世界儿童严重腹泻病。RV腹泻的机制是多方面的,但仍不完全清楚。RV感染的标志是RV失调宿主细胞的钙信号传导途径,从而增加了RV复制所需的胞质钙。

轮状病毒(RV)通过广泛失调肠内稳态而导致全世界儿童严重腹泻病。RV腹泻的机制是多方面的,但仍不完全清楚。RV会感染小肠绒毛尖端和中部的肠上皮细胞和肠内分泌细胞,但并非所有易感染RV的细胞在疾病期间都被感染。RV感染的标志是RV失调宿主细胞的钙信号传导途径,从而增加了RV复制所需的胞质钙。然而,轮状病毒诱导的失调的潜在机制仍不清楚。

2020年11月20日,美国贝勒医学院Joseph M. Hyser团队在Science 在线发表题为“Rotavirus induces intercellular calcium waves through ADP signaling”的研究论文,该研究在细胞系和人肠道-小肠中观察到发现轮状病毒感染的细胞产生旁分泌信号,表现为细胞间钙波(ICWs)。

轮状病毒ICW是由激活邻近细胞上的P2Y1嘌呤能受体的细胞外腺苷5'-二磷酸(ADP)释放引起的。ICW被P2Y1拮抗剂或P2Y1受体的CRISPR-Cas9敲除所阻断。阻断ADP信号可减少轮状病毒的复制,抑制轮状病毒诱导的血清素释放和体液分泌,并降低新生小鼠的腹泻严重程度。因此,轮状病毒利用旁分泌嘌呤能信号转导产生ICW,从而放大宿主细胞的失调并改变胃肠道生理从而引起腹泻。

最后,德国海德堡大学Megan Stanifer等人在Science 在线发表题为“The origin of diarrhea in rotavirus infection”的点评文章,系统盘点了该研究成果。

轮状病毒(RV)是全世界儿童严重腹泻和呕吐的关键原因,每年导致约2.58亿腹泻发作和约128,000例死亡。RV引起腹泻的机制是多因素的,尚未完全了解。RV感染小肠绒毛尖端和中部的肠上皮细胞和肠内分泌细胞。但是,并非所有对RV敏感的细胞都被感染,并且在组织病理学改变发生之前就出现腹泻。

在感染期间,RV使宿主细胞钙(Ca2 +)信号传导途径失调,以增加胞质Ca2 +,这是RV复制所必需的。RV非结构蛋白4(NSP4)通过内质网定位的viroporin和分泌的肠毒素推动Ca2 +稳态的这些变化。这些引起Ca2 +信号传递的波动会激活自噬,破坏细胞骨架和紧密连接,并触发体液分泌途径。

关于RV感染如何导致危及生命的腹泻的一个长期存在的观念是,RV感染的细胞释放有效的信号分子,从而使邻近的未感染细胞失调。该概念基于先前在RV感染期间信号分子增加的观察结果,包括肠毒素NSP4,前列腺素(PGE2)和一氧化氮(NO)。

按照这种理论,肠毒素NSP4与未感染的邻近肠上皮细胞结合以激活Ca2 +激活的氯离子通道并引起分泌性腹泻,而PGE2和NO进一步激活体液分泌过程。同时,邻近肠内分泌细胞的失调会触发依赖Ca2 +的血清素释放,这会刺激肠神经系统激活中枢神经系统的呕吐中心并激活胃肠道的分泌反射通路。因此,这种由RV引起的腹泻的概念解决了中上绒毛受到的有限感染,如何导致宿主生理机能的广泛失调和危及生命的疾病。但是,在RV感染过程中尚未直接观察到这种细胞间功能性信号传导,并且尚未完全理解信号传导途径。

在这项研究中,发现RV感染的细胞通过细胞外嘌呤能信号通路向未感染的细胞发出信号。该途径是观察到的RV疾病过程的主要驱动因素,包括在新生小鼠模型中复制,PGE2-和NO产生酶的上调,血清素分泌,体液分泌和腹泻。因此,病毒可以利用宿主旁分泌信号传导途径来放大病理生理。

原始出处:

Alexandra L Chang-Graham, Jacob L Perry, Melinda A Engevik, et al.Rotavirus induces intercellular calcium waves through ADP signaling.Science. 2020 Nov 20;370(6519):eabc3621. doi: 10.1126/science.abc3621.

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    2020-11-27 jichang
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    2020-11-26 146c7d60m05暂无昵称

    学到了

    0

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    2020-11-26 莉莉安 Lillian C.

    不明觉厉

    0

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    2020-11-25 1476d3cfm07暂无昵称

    0

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