Cell:新型药物治疗恢复耳聋小鼠部分听力

2018-07-02 小通 生物通

“我们现在能恢复部分听力,特别是较低频率的声音,并救活一部分感觉毛细胞,”美国国立卫生研究院国家耳聋和其他沟通障碍研究所(NIDCD)人类分子遗传实验室主任Thomas B. Friedman博士说。“如果这种小分子药物对人类DFNA27型耳聋有效,那么它将有可能治疗其他遗传学渐进性听力受损。”


首次解读遗传性失聪分子机理,研究人员开发了一种小分子药物,可以部分恢复小鼠的听力。

“我们现在能恢复部分听力,特别是较低频率的声音,并救活一部分感觉毛细胞,”美国国立卫生研究院国家耳聋和其他沟通障碍研究所(NIDCD)人类分子遗传实验室主任Thomas B. Friedman博士说。“如果这种小分子药物对人类DFNA27型耳聋有效,那么它将有可能治疗其他遗传学渐进性听力受损。”

十几年前,Friedman博士和另一位项目领导人Robert J. Morell博士分析了一个被称为LMG2大家族成员的基因组。耳聋在LMG2家族具有遗传优势,孩子只要从父母身上继承1个有缺陷的基因拷贝,就会表现出听力受损。

研究人员将引起耳聋的突变锁定在4号染色体的DFNA27区域,其中包含十几个基因,但是,NIDCD团队一直未能找到确切的致病突变。

一个重要线索来自爱荷华大学近期报道的小鼠RE1沉默转录因子(RE1 Silencing Transcription Factor,Rest)导致DFNA27型渐进性耳聋。

这篇《Cell》文章的第一作者Botond Banfi和Yoko Nakano认为,内耳感觉细胞的一种特殊机制调控着小鼠Rest,该调控机制对小鼠听力至关重要。

人类基因组中含有与小鼠Rest匹配的版本,且位于DFNA27区。于是,爱荷华大学和NIDCD的研究人员联手重新审视了DFNA27渐进性耳聋的深层机理。

蛋白质编码序列来自基因外显子的拼接组合,而基因的内含子往往是被剪辑去掉的部分。因为Rest基因的外显子4(exon 4)未被大多数细胞编写进 Rest mRNA,导致此前大多数研究都忽视了这一小段外显子。正常功能的REST蛋白负责关闭只在极少数细胞类型中才被激活的基因。

删除小鼠Rest的外显子4,内耳毛细胞死亡,导致耳聋小鼠表型。经检测,Banfi团队发现在毛细胞死亡前,许多本应该活跃的基因被关闭了。于是,他们重新分析了LMG2家族的耳聋突变,发现由于突变靠近外显子4,改变了外显子4的边界,与此同时,毛细胞的REST失活。

“我们发现,将外显子4整合到REST mRNA上相当于感觉毛细胞的一个开关,它能关闭REST,从而开启许多基因表达,”Banfi说。“这些基因的激活对毛细胞的存活以及听力都非常重要。”

利用外显子4缺陷小鼠模型,研究人员发现,REST主要通过一种被称为组蛋白去乙酰化的进程抑制基因表达。于是,他们使用抑制这一过程的小分子药物,下调REST的影响,结果成功使小鼠恢复了部分听力。

“该研究阐明了遗传性耳聋的分子机制,”NIDCD科学主任Andrew J. Griffith说。“顺着这条遗传线索,他们找到了治疗人类疾病的潜在新途径。”

原始出处:

Yoko Nakano,et al.Defects in the Alternative Splicing-Dependent Regulation of REST Cause Deafness.Cell.Published online: June 28, 2018

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    2018-12-09 维他命
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    2018-07-05 斌子

    希望早些临床

    0

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