Nat Struct Mol Biol:钱书兵组揭示5'UTR在mRNA翻译和稳定性中的作用

2020-07-31 BioArt

,mRNA究竟何时被当做模板被翻译以及何时被认为不再需要被降解因子分解,还有哪些mRNA容易或者难以被翻译,哪些mRNA容易被降解,潜在的机制又是什么,这些问题一直困扰着我们。

长期以来,科学家们普遍认为信使RNA (mRNA) 翻译与降解存在着紧密的联系。但是,mRNA究竟何时被当做模板被翻译以及何时被认为不再需要被降解因子分解,还有哪些mRNA容易或者难以被翻译,哪些mRNA容易被降解,潜在的机制又是什么,这些问题一直困扰着我们。

尽管3'UTR在mRNA降解中的作用已经被广泛研究了,但最近的研究表明,核糖体介导的mRNA监测途径主要作用于编码区,核糖体在mRNA上的负载过高可能会触发mRNA的降解,例如核糖体翻译停滞。但是也有证据表明,有效的翻译可以保护mRNA免受降解。这种看似矛盾的概念,表明了核糖体动力学在mRNA监测中的重要性。翻译中的核糖体在mRNA究竟是起到保护还是降解的作用,还有待于进一步研究。

2020年7月27日,长期致力于mRNA翻译过程研究的康奈尔大学钱书兵课题组(共同一作为贾龙飞和毛圆辉)在Nature Structural & Molecular Biology杂志上发表文章Decoding mRNA translatability and stability from the 5′UTR,建立了mRNA uORF(upstream open reading frame)翻译起始位点报告系统,并且系统研究了mRNA翻译性和稳定性之间的功能相关性。结果表明了mRNA在和核糖体接触之前,5'前导序列已经启动了多方面的mRNA监测系统。

通过在5'非翻译区(5'UTR)中系统改变序列元件来精确控制蛋白质合成仍然是一个难题。为了加快我们对5'UTR中顺式调控代码的理解,该团队设计合成了以mRNA文库为基础的大规模报告基因检测。该文库由超过一百万个5'UTR变体组成,由10个随机核苷酸序列嵌入的上游开放阅读框(uORF)和下游主要开放阅读框GFP组成。5'UTR中随机序列产生了范围极广的翻译产出和mRNA稳定性。即,有效的翻译可以保护mRNA免受降解,而uORF翻译则以依赖UPF1的方式触发mRNA的降解。同时还确定了RNA G-四链体 (RG4) 的翻译抑制元件,并可以介导mRNA至P小体中降解。出乎意料的是,5'UTR中富含A的元件(poly A)在翻译抑制的情况下会破坏mRNA的稳定,尽管它能够促进不依赖帽子结构的翻译。该结果不仅鉴定出了可控制mRNA翻译的5'UTR中多种序列特征,而且还揭示了核糖体依赖性和核糖体非依赖性的mRNA监测途径。

5'UTR在mRNA翻译过程中至关重要,包括核糖体募集,扫描和起始密码子选择。虽然在5'UTR中只有10个核苷酸的随机序列,大规模报道基因分析却鉴定出了能控制起始密码子和扫描的序列特征,以及类似内部核糖体进入位点(IRES)。该团队通过流式细胞术以及核糖体蔗糖密度梯度技术揭示了形成最佳和非最佳TIS位点的序列特征。结果表明,即使在AUG起始密码子的上下游有最佳序列,遗漏扫描(leaky scanning)仍很普遍。另外,在控制泄漏扫描中,起始密码子的特异性比上下游序列更重要。同时还发现了能形成RG4(RNA G-Quadruplex)结构并有效阻止核糖体扫描的序列特征。有趣的是,从mRNA报告中观察到很强的RG4形成,来自于10个核苷酸的序列变异,猜测可能是通过分子间相互作用形成。最后还鉴定出了5'UTR序列元素中可以促使非帽依赖性翻译-A富集序列poly(A)。重要的是,5'UTR中的poly(A)片段的作用类似于IRES,招募核糖体进行扫描以识别下游起始密码子。

虽然该mRNA报告系统具有相同的编码序列和3'UTR,但5'UTR中的10个核苷酸序列变异还是显着控制了mRNA稳定性。独特的uORF报告基因系统揭示了5'UTR在mRNA稳定性中的潜在作用,这一点在之前是没有被研究的。同时,该团队还揭示了翻译起始和mRNA降解之间的多种机制。尽管翻译中的核糖体通常可保护mRNA免受降解,但uORF翻译可通过UPF1触发mRNA降解。5'UTR中的RG4阻止了核糖体扫描并将mRNA重新定位到P小体(P-bodies),形成了一个不依赖于核糖体的mRNA降解机制。由于并非所有mRNA都同时与细胞内部的核糖体结合,因此不同的mRNA分子可能会有不同的稳定性。另外,poly(A)前导序列可通过募集PABP1来实现不依赖于帽子结构的mRNA翻译,从而增强其稳定性。然而,当翻译被抑制时时,它可能又会通过募集其他降解因子加速同样mRNA的降解。5'前导序列启动的mRNA监测途径表明,mRNA质量控制网络可监测mRNA的结构以及核糖体结合状态。解密嵌入在5'UTR中的调控代码将使翻译输出的预测更加准确,并有望改进序列元件的设计以优化合成生物学中的蛋白质表达。

原始出处:

Longfei Jia, Yuanhui Mao, Quanquan Ji, et al.Decoding mRNA translatability and stability from the 5' UTR.Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2020 Jul 27. doi: 10.1038/s41594-020-0465-x.

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    2021-05-26 liye789132251
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    2020-12-11 sunylz
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    2021-05-01 仁者大医
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    2020-08-02 zb1235672

    学习了

    0

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    2020-08-01 医鸣惊人

    学习了

    0

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