Cell:全面解析大规模癌症基因组

2014-10-27 何嫱 生物通

来自癌症基因组图谱研究网络(The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, TCGA)的研究人员针对甲状腺癌(thyroid cancer)进行了综合分析,鉴别出了一些侵袭性肿瘤的标记物,这有可能为给予个别患者适当的治疗方法提供了更好的靶点。研究结果表明,有可能可以基于一些遗传标记物将这一疾病进行重新分类,推动甲状腺癌更多地受益于精准施药。“对于甲状腺癌基因组景

来自癌症基因组图谱研究网络(The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, TCGA)的研究人员针对甲状腺癌(thyroid cancer)进行了综合分析,鉴别出了一些侵袭性肿瘤的标记物,这有可能为给予个别患者适当的治疗方法提供了更好的靶点。[pdf free]

研究结果表明,有可能可以基于一些遗传标记物将这一疾病进行重新分类,推动甲状腺癌更多地受益于精准施药。

“对于甲状腺癌基因组景观的这一认识将改进它的分类,改善分子诊断。这将帮助我们将那些需要积极治疗的患者与肿瘤不太可能会生长或扩散的患者区分开来,”密歇根大学医学院病理学教授Thomas J. Giordano博士说。

在过去的30年里甲状腺癌的发病率提高了3倍,它是美国最快速增长的癌症。尽管这些肿瘤通常生长缓慢,且结合手术、甲状腺激素和放射性碘很容易进行治疗,一些患者将会形成更为侵袭性和致命性的甲状腺癌。

在这一发表在《细胞》(Cell)杂志上的文章中,研究人员分析了近500个甲状腺癌样本,鉴别出了所有起作用的遗传突变。他们发现了一些新的癌基因以及现有基因的一些新变异。



研究人员发现,总的来说,甲状腺基因组相对平静,相比于其他常见的癌症相关遗传突变要少一些。这或许可以解释为什么这一疾病通常会生长缓慢。

更少的突变意味着,研究人员能够检测相关的一些信号通路,了解是什么驱动了甲状腺癌。这种方法帮助了他们了解更多甲状腺癌的遗传驱动因子,将“暗物质”案例(携带未知遗传驱动因子的癌症)比例从25%降到了3.5%。

这些驱动因子可以分为两个主要的致癌组:BRAF加相似的突变,以及RAS加相似的突变。但在这两组内,尤其是BRAF组中,存在几个不同的甲状腺癌亚型。当前,所有与BRAF相关的甲状腺癌都被认为基本上是一样的。事实并非如此。

Broad研究所癌症基因组计算部主任Gad Getz说:“这项研究整合了各种各样的基因组数据,不仅鉴别了癌症驱动因子,还比较了这些不同驱动因子的行为。有趣的是,我们发现一些BRAF突变甲状腺癌亚型是通过不同的机制来驱动癌症,其中一些亚型与更高风险、低分化的癌症相关。”

研究人员利用这一认识建立了测度或评分,可以确定一个肿瘤如何发生信号以及它的侵袭性。研究人员在一项临床试验中测试了这些评分,以评估是否可促成更具针对性地治疗建议。

国立人类基因组研究所基因组医学部项目主任Carolyn Hutter博士说:“这些研究结果意味着医生和患者将在处理癌症诊断和治疗方面迈出重要的一步。世界各地的研究人员将利用这一数据,返回到数据中来,提出其他的一些科学问题。”

对于病理学和科学群体初步的建议是,考虑基于分子亚型对甲状腺癌进行重新分类,以更好地反映它们的潜在分子特性。这将使得医生能够将缓慢生长的肿瘤与侵袭性肿瘤区分开来,推荐适当的治疗。

癌症基因组图谱是一个得到联邦政府资助的项目,旨在了解各种癌症类型的分子特征。这一项目已经发表了一些癌症类型,如乳腺癌结肠癌卵巢癌和肺癌的许多标志性论文。甲状腺癌是纳入最大样本量的研究之一,研究了近500个肿瘤。

原始出处:

The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network.Integrated Genomic Characterization of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.CELL  Volume 159, Issue 3, p676–690, 23 October 2014[pdf free]

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    2015-04-06 ylz8403
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    2014-12-02 hongbochen
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    2014-11-16 维他命

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