Hypertension:高盐饮食会改变人体的肠道微生物群,进而引发高血压

2020-06-13 Lauren 转化医学网

导言:肠道微生物对人体健康的影响是近年来研究的热门领域之一,大量的研究表明肠道微生物对于机体健康具有重要的作用。近日《高血压》杂志上发表了一篇文章,首次证实了人体内盐摄入量与人体微生物群有关,进而影响

导言:肠道微生物对人体健康的影响是近年来研究的热门领域之一,大量的研究表明肠道微生物对于机体健康具有重要的作用。近日《高血压》杂志上发表了一篇文章,首次证实了人体内盐摄入量与人体微生物群有关,进而影响人体的血压水平。

早前发表在《自然》上的一项研究表明,高盐饮食会影响小鼠的肠道微生物群。近日奥古斯塔大学科学家的报告首次指出,人体内盐摄入量的减少能够改变人体内肠道微生物群,从而使血压降低,特别是对未经治疗的高血压女性来说,这种影响更加显著。

在145名未经治疗的高血压患者的血液样本中,研究人员发现,按照美国心脏协会建议的每日2300毫克的钠盐摄入量来说,仅仅连续六周就会导致短链脂肪酸(一种健康微生物群的指标)的水平升高,在血液中循环。这些高血压患者会出现血压下降,血管顺应性增强。


图解摘要

奥古斯塔大学乔治亚州医学院乔治预防中心的分子遗传学家朱海东(Haidong Zhu)博士表示,“越来越多的证据表明,微生物群在调节血压以及美国人的平均血压如何升高方面起着直接的作用。

该研究的通讯作者朱表示,据科学家所知,他们在《高血压》(Hypertension)杂志上的研究是第一个研究人体内盐摄入的减少如何影响循环短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)的研究。

新出现的证据表明,高盐饮食会改变肠道微生物群,尤其是在盐敏感高血压的动物模型中,但人类的数据很少。

肠道微生物群是生活在你胃肠中的所有细菌、病毒、原生动物和真菌,它们具有多种功能,从帮助消化食物到免疫反应,再到影响体重增加的倾向。微生物群与一系列疾病有关,从癌症到胃肠问题到过敏。

短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)在调整血压方面发挥着重要作用。这些来自肠道的小代谢物被吸收进入整个循环系统中,与血管内壁和肾脏的受体结合,调节肾素的释放。肾素是一种酶,可使肾脏灌注良好,是血压控制的主要因素。血液中的短链脂肪酸水平被认为是肠道微生物群健康的一个指标。

研究人员假设,盐摄入量的适度减少会改变循环短链脂肪酸的浓度,从而降低血压。

研究人员调查了年龄在30到75岁的黑人、白人、亚洲人,有男性也有女性,他们都患有高血压,但还没有得到治疗。也都参加了早期伦敦玛丽女王大学的研究。由于没有采集该研究参与者的粪便样本,研究人员不能更直接地观察肠道微生物群,因此只能测量循环SCFAs,即肠道微生物群产生的主要代谢物。

在两周的时间里,所有的受试者都得到了护士的详细指导,指导他们如何将自己的钠盐摄入量降低到每天2000毫克左右。在这项随机的安慰剂对照研究中,一半的参与者连续六周每天九次服用钠片或安慰剂片,然后换组进行实验。

研究人员发现,钠盐的减少增加了8种SCFAs,这是微生物群消耗的纤维发酵的最终产物。人类体内没有天然的酶来消化这些纤维。他们发现,SCFAs水平的升高始终与血压降低和血管弹性增加有关。

朱表示,长期的高盐摄入会导致男性和女性的血压升高,随着盐摄入量的降低,男性和女性的血压都有所降低,这种变化在女性中最为明显。虽然受饮食和环境等因素的影响,人们体内的微生物群略有不同,但总体上男性和女性之间的差异是一致的。

举例说明,在24小时的收缩压(心脏收缩时显示压力的最高数字)在低盐饮食组和高盐饮食组中,女性的收缩压几乎低了5点,而在男性中低了3点多一点。作为心脏和身体休息的重要时间,夜间血压也有所下降,随着盐摄入量的减少,女性的收缩压下降了近5分,男性的收缩压下降了近3分。

未来,MCG研究人员想要做一个大规模的研究,也采集粪便样本,以便更直观地评估微生物内容物和健康状况,并查看他们发现的性别差异是否成立。

在2017年发表在《自然》上的一样研究表明,高盐饮食会影响小鼠的肠道微生物群,尤其是乳酸菌,而乳酸菌是肠道的一种主要的微生物,能够抑制炎症并使血压升高;也能让微生物回流以防止血压升高。一项针对人类的小型试点研究也证实了肠道微生物的影响,德国研究人员似乎是第一项强调肠道微生物群的健康是导致高血压的一个影响因素。

原始出处:

Li Chen , Feng J. He , Yanbin Dong , et.al. Modest Sodium Reduction Increases Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Untreated Hypertensives A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Hypertension 1 Jun 2020

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    2021-01-10 lq1776
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    2021-03-22 feather89
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