王晓天:大隐静脉曲张术后肺栓塞问题的探讨

2020-09-04 门诊杂志 门诊新视野

大隐静脉曲张是血管外科中最常见的疾病之一,也是血管外科中手术量最大的手术之一。然而,患者往往认为静脉曲张手术只是“小手术”,因此一旦出现严重的肺栓塞或因此而死亡,将导致医疗纠纷。

大隐静脉曲张是血管外科中最常见的疾病之一,也是血管外科中手术量最大的手术之一。然而,患者往往认为静脉曲张手术只是“小手术”,因此一旦出现严重的肺栓塞(PE)或因此而死亡,将导致严重的医疗纠纷问题。以下是安徽省立医院血管外科的王晓天教授对大隐静脉曲张术后PE问题的精彩阐述。

大隐静脉曲张术后的PE风险

静脉曲张高位结扎剥脱术作为传统的手术方法已展开100多年,至今全世界仍有很多医院在应用。Hayden等2001年报道了在静脉曲张的开放手术中深静脉血栓形成的发生率约为0.5%,而PE的发生率约为0.16%。90%的患者栓子来源于下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)。

国内医院DVT占出院患者总数的比例远远低于国外医院的统计,以安徽省立医院总院为例,2014~2015年期间出院患者总数153,552人次,DVT患者比例仅0.41%(622/153,552)。这提示我们对于DVT的重视程度不够,发现率很低。

随着人民生活水平的提高,广大患者对手术后美容的需求也逐渐提高,国内医院相继开展了激光、射频消融等微创治疗手段。但有报道称:与传统外科手术相比,腔内治疗术后的DVT及PE的发生率并无明显降低。另外,很多医院在开展硬化剂注射治疗大隐静脉曲张的治疗手段。一般情况下硬化剂多作为辅助手段解决迂曲的大隐静脉属支,但也有部分医师将硬化剂直接用于大隐静脉主干。目前尚未见到大隐静脉主干硬化剂注射发生PE比例的文献报道,但在学术交流中确实存在不少PE的情况发生。

PE的危害不容忽视

在所有发生PE的病例中,80%的患者无症状。有10%的症状性PE患者在1小时内死亡。无症状或症状改善的PE患者亦不容忽视,PE可能带来肺功能储备的减少及肺动脉高压等损害,其产生的后果可能到患者肺部或心脏出现问题时才显现。

对单纯下肢静脉曲张患者围手术期DVT的预防是减少静脉曲张术后PE发生率的关键。静脉曲张手术过程中创伤激发体内的高凝状态、术中股静脉的损伤、大隐静脉残端过长、麻醉效应、大隐静脉分支血栓的蔓延及术后长期卧床等因素易导致DVT。

统计安徽省立医院血管外科近两年来的1187例接受静脉曲张手术的患者,有3例并发PE,发生率约为0.25%,回顾性分析此3例PE患者术前资料均能发现1~3项DVT高危因素(高龄、吸烟、心肺功能不全、血小板异常、高血压病及血液高凝状态)的存在。此外,王晓天教授总结了近年在当地基层医院会诊中遇到的5例静脉曲张术后PE死亡的病例:1例大隐静脉中血栓形成于术中发生栓子脱落死亡;2例患者因医师未交待早日活动,于术后6天左右第一次下床时发生PE死亡;1例术后出现下肢肿胀未予重视,仍嘱患者下床活动,术后第五天下床时发生PE死亡;另1例形成血栓原因不明。这些具体病例进一步证实了临床医师对大隐静脉曲张术后PE风险的重视不够。

如何减少PE的发生

1、重视术前的风险评估,深静脉的造影可以帮助我们发现很多问题:如髂静脉受压综合征、腘静脉受压综合征和DVT后遗症等。
2、术后不用使用止血剂。
3、尽早让患者进行下肢的活动。
4、对于大隐静脉主干的新鲜血栓不要急于手术,可等血栓稳定后再行手术。
5、大隐静脉主干的硬化剂注射治疗要慎重。
6、大隐静脉残端不要留太长。
7、术后要观察患者肿胀或疼痛情况,必要时行下肢深静脉彩超检查。
8、由于大隐静脉曲张的患者术后1~2天就出院,出院后对患者进行DVT预防的宣教也很重要。

总 结

大隐静脉曲张在血管外科中虽然只是一个“小疾病”,仍需要我们血管外科医师的认真对待、仔细观察。也迫切需要业内建立规范化的治疗共识,并在全国进行推广。减少因人为原因导致的PE,不仅有利于患者的健康,也有利于对临床医师的保护。

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    2023-04-16 努力进步中 来自湖南省

    就这几天,一例大隐静脉曲张术后三天突然气促,心脏骤停,大汗淋漓抢救无效,现在都还不知道是肺栓塞还是急性冠脉综合征,有高血压,术后有抗凝

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    2020-10-12 fusion
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2126363, encodeId=14352126363f6, content=就这几天,一例大隐静脉曲张术后三天突然气促,心脏骤停,大汗淋漓抢救无效,现在都还不知道是肺栓塞还是急性冠脉综合征,有高血压,术后有抗凝 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3fb38636359, createdName=努力进步中, createdTime=Sun Apr 16 20:56:24 CST 2023, time=2023-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2006677, encodeId=7b2e20066e7d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=082a44042ca' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大隐静脉曲张#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44042, encryptionId=082a44042ca, topicName=大隐静脉曲张)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77b32500129, createdName=12498aa2m62(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Feb 27 09:22:14 CST 2021, time=2021-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1698140, encodeId=3754169814090, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Mon Oct 12 09:22:14 CST 2020, time=2020-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1662718, encodeId=cce91662e18d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a3d644038c3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大隐静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44038, encryptionId=a3d644038c3, topicName=大隐静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=98ce25462322, createdName=ms306040998833292, createdTime=Sun Jan 03 13:22:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=892290, encodeId=c783892290d1, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e4c65267383, createdName=14815e22m43暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Oct 15 20:28:08 CST 2020, time=2020-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=882745, encodeId=7389882e4593, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200903/79d0f015e6084e5ca462828ca002414e/27d5d6b264cb4eeebf7092dc1fb8eae8.jpg, createdBy=22155415237, createdName=ms7000000139248197, createdTime=Fri Sep 04 18:52:19 CST 2020, time=2020-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=882706, encodeId=280c882e06a5, content=厉害, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=58615113870, createdName=1461f3b1m60暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Sep 04 15:55:50 CST 2020, time=2020-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2126363, encodeId=14352126363f6, content=就这几天,一例大隐静脉曲张术后三天突然气促,心脏骤停,大汗淋漓抢救无效,现在都还不知道是肺栓塞还是急性冠脉综合征,有高血压,术后有抗凝 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3fb38636359, createdName=努力进步中, createdTime=Sun Apr 16 20:56:24 CST 2023, time=2023-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2006677, encodeId=7b2e20066e7d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=082a44042ca' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大隐静脉曲张#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44042, encryptionId=082a44042ca, topicName=大隐静脉曲张)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77b32500129, createdName=12498aa2m62(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Feb 27 09:22:14 CST 2021, time=2021-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1698140, encodeId=3754169814090, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Mon Oct 12 09:22:14 CST 2020, time=2020-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1662718, encodeId=cce91662e18d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a3d644038c3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大隐静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44038, encryptionId=a3d644038c3, topicName=大隐静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=98ce25462322, createdName=ms306040998833292, createdTime=Sun Jan 03 13:22:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=892290, encodeId=c783892290d1, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e4c65267383, createdName=14815e22m43暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Oct 15 20:28:08 CST 2020, time=2020-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=882745, encodeId=7389882e4593, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200903/79d0f015e6084e5ca462828ca002414e/27d5d6b264cb4eeebf7092dc1fb8eae8.jpg, createdBy=22155415237, createdName=ms7000000139248197, createdTime=Fri Sep 04 18:52:19 CST 2020, time=2020-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=882706, encodeId=280c882e06a5, content=厉害, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=58615113870, createdName=1461f3b1m60暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Sep 04 15:55:50 CST 2020, time=2020-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-10-15 14815e22m43暂无昵称

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2126363, encodeId=14352126363f6, content=就这几天,一例大隐静脉曲张术后三天突然气促,心脏骤停,大汗淋漓抢救无效,现在都还不知道是肺栓塞还是急性冠脉综合征,有高血压,术后有抗凝 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3fb38636359, createdName=努力进步中, createdTime=Sun Apr 16 20:56:24 CST 2023, time=2023-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2006677, encodeId=7b2e20066e7d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=082a44042ca' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大隐静脉曲张#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44042, encryptionId=082a44042ca, topicName=大隐静脉曲张)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77b32500129, createdName=12498aa2m62(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Feb 27 09:22:14 CST 2021, time=2021-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1698140, encodeId=3754169814090, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Mon Oct 12 09:22:14 CST 2020, time=2020-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1662718, encodeId=cce91662e18d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a3d644038c3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大隐静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44038, encryptionId=a3d644038c3, topicName=大隐静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=98ce25462322, createdName=ms306040998833292, createdTime=Sun Jan 03 13:22:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=892290, encodeId=c783892290d1, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e4c65267383, createdName=14815e22m43暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Oct 15 20:28:08 CST 2020, time=2020-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=882745, encodeId=7389882e4593, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200903/79d0f015e6084e5ca462828ca002414e/27d5d6b264cb4eeebf7092dc1fb8eae8.jpg, createdBy=22155415237, createdName=ms7000000139248197, createdTime=Fri Sep 04 18:52:19 CST 2020, time=2020-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=882706, encodeId=280c882e06a5, content=厉害, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=58615113870, createdName=1461f3b1m60暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Sep 04 15:55:50 CST 2020, time=2020-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-09-04 ms7000000139248197

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2126363, encodeId=14352126363f6, content=就这几天,一例大隐静脉曲张术后三天突然气促,心脏骤停,大汗淋漓抢救无效,现在都还不知道是肺栓塞还是急性冠脉综合征,有高血压,术后有抗凝 , beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3fb38636359, createdName=努力进步中, createdTime=Sun Apr 16 20:56:24 CST 2023, time=2023-04-16, status=1, ipAttribution=湖南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2006677, encodeId=7b2e20066e7d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=082a44042ca' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大隐静脉曲张#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44042, encryptionId=082a44042ca, topicName=大隐静脉曲张)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=77b32500129, createdName=12498aa2m62(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Feb 27 09:22:14 CST 2021, time=2021-02-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1698140, encodeId=3754169814090, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Mon Oct 12 09:22:14 CST 2020, time=2020-10-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1662718, encodeId=cce91662e18d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a3d644038c3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#大隐静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=44038, encryptionId=a3d644038c3, topicName=大隐静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=98ce25462322, createdName=ms306040998833292, createdTime=Sun Jan 03 13:22:14 CST 2021, time=2021-01-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=892290, encodeId=c783892290d1, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e4c65267383, createdName=14815e22m43暂无昵称, createdTime=Thu Oct 15 20:28:08 CST 2020, time=2020-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=882745, encodeId=7389882e4593, content=好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20200903/79d0f015e6084e5ca462828ca002414e/27d5d6b264cb4eeebf7092dc1fb8eae8.jpg, createdBy=22155415237, createdName=ms7000000139248197, createdTime=Fri Sep 04 18:52:19 CST 2020, time=2020-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=882706, encodeId=280c882e06a5, content=厉害, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=58615113870, createdName=1461f3b1m60暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Sep 04 15:55:50 CST 2020, time=2020-09-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-09-04 1461f3b1m60暂无昵称

    厉害

    0

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