几种慢性心力衰竭临床评估方法汇总

2018-04-02 佚名 嘉音

心力衰竭是指心室充盈或射血的任何结构或功能受损所导致的一种临床综合征,主要表现为限制运动耐量下降(呼吸困难、疲乏)和液体潴留(肺淤血、体循环淤血及外周水肿)。由于心室充盈及射血功能是心脏的主要功能,其功能的好坏将直接影响患者的预后。因此,对心脏功能进行评估分级有着很重要的临床指导意义。本文接下来将为大家介绍临床上常用的心功能评估方法。

心力衰竭是指心室充盈或射血的任何结构或功能受损所导致的一种临床综合征,主要表现为限制运动耐量下降(呼吸困难、疲乏)和液体潴留(肺淤血、体循环淤血及外周水肿)。由于心室充盈及射血功能是心脏的主要功能,其功能的好坏将直接影响患者的预后。因此,对心脏功能进行评估分级有着很重要的临床指导意义。本文接下来将为大家介绍临床上常用的心功能评估方法。

1 、纽约(NYHA)心功能分级

NYHA心功能分级是最早的心脏分级评估方法,反映运动能力和症状的严重程度,由于其分级简单易懂,操作简便等优点而被广泛沿用至今。心力衰竭患者症状的严重程度与心室功能并不一致,但与预后明确相关,NYHA心功能分级越高,死亡风险越高,但轻度症状的患者仍可能有较高的住院和死亡的绝对风险。

虽然NYHA分级方法被不断补充和改进,但其主要的分级依据仍然是患者的症状与活动受限程度。医生对心功能分级的判断易受个人经验等因素影响,所以NYHA分级方法存在很大的个人主观性;此外,患者对自身症状的感受,受到精神波动、耐受性及敏感性等因素影响,也存在较大的差异。

2、6分钟步行试验(6MWT)

6分钟步行试验是指患者在坚硬平直的走廊内6分钟行走的最大距离。由于6MWT方法简便易行、可重复性和安全性较好,且以行走的方式检查易于被患者接受,被广泛应用于运动耐量的测定以及心功能、慢性心力衰竭的疗效与预后的评价研究等。6分钟步行距离<150m为重度心力衰竭,150~450m为中度心力衰竭,>450m为轻度心力衰竭。6MWT与NYHA分级等其他反映心功能的指标联合使用,可以提高临床判断心功能程度的准确性。

但6MWT这一方法也存在其弊端:例如,对症状较轻的心力衰竭患者没有较高的区分度,并且作为一种运动试验,临床医生应用时需要严格把握禁忌证,对于症状过于重的患者不能操作。

3、超声

NYHA分级与6MWT等心功能分级方法虽然都有其客观优势与可行性,但在心功能分级应用中也存在着诸多不足,并不能充分满足目前临床诊疗方面的需求。

心脏超声是能动态显示心腔内结构、心脏的博动和血液流动的诊断技术,作为无创性心脏检查技术被广泛应用于临床疾病诊断、手术及预后评估等。目前,国内外对超声心动图评估心功能方面进行了大量的研究,肯定了超声心动图在心功能分级评估中的重要作用与意义。

2013年,ACCF/AHA心力衰竭指南正式肯定了心脏超声在心功能评价方面的作用。心脏超声检测的左室射血分数是评价左室收缩功能的比较稳定的指标,对左室功能不同的患者,射血分数的重叠最小,其测量方法简便。

心脏超声检测的是心脏的直接变化指标,只有当疾病发展到一定阶段甚至后期才会出现超声所能观察到的改变,因此,超声对于早期检测具有较大的局限。

4、CT和MRI

目前,心脏CT与MRI已成为诊断和治疗心脏疾病的重要工具。在心功能方面的研究与超声相似,也是主要通过检查心脏射血能力、心肌情况及通过冠脉血管情况等指标,借此评估心功能。CT在评价左心功能方面准确、可靠,与超声心动图所得到的各项指标相关性高,还可以同时进行冠脉病变诊断,具有较高的临床应用价值。MRI凭借其可再现性和三维成像方面的优势,可以准确测量左室心腔及左心室心肌边界等心功能评估指标,还可以实现相关心室的总血液体积的无偏估计。

但是,与超声相似,CT与MRI同样存在技术和设备要求高、无法早期检测、费用昂贵等不足,限制了其发展普及。

5、血清学指标

与心功能相关的血清学指标有脑钠肽(BNP)、心房钠尿肽(ANP)、心肌酶活性、肌钙蛋白等。

2000年11月,FDA通过并批准了将脑钠肽(BNP)含量作为一种有效、简便的慢性心力衰竭检测方法。2013年,欧洲心脏病协会(ESC)、美国心脏病协会(AHA)、美国心脏病学会(ACC)等全球心血管权威结构将其纳入新的心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南中。

目前,国内外对于心功能分级方法的研究还有诸如:心电图,负荷试验,核素成像,心导微分图,测定心肌收缩力等。虽然这些技术方法在一定程度上弥补了传统评估方法的不足,但依然存在对操作人员技术要求高、设备及检查价格较贵,无法做到早期检测,不够便捷等某些不足。

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    2023-01-26 ms4000000583692413 来自辽宁省

    便捷,易记

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    2018-04-03 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医学知识

    0

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    2018-04-03 Ramsey

    学习了

    0

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    2018-04-02 131****2916

    不错的文章值得推荐

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    2018-04-02 1222becem95暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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