急性心肌梗死,如何选择溶栓药物?

2020-05-11 林国志 医学之声

ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevationmyocardial infarction,STEMI)多为完全堵塞冠状动脉的红血栓所致,而红血栓的主要成分之一是纤维蛋白,溶栓药物能够直

ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevationmyocardial infarction,STEMI)多为完全堵塞冠状动脉的红血栓所致,而红血栓的主要成分之一是纤维蛋白,溶栓药物能够直接或间接激活纤溶酶原转化为纤溶酶,进而降解纤维蛋白(原),促进血栓的裂解并达到开通冠状动脉血管、恢复心肌灌注的目的。STEMI静脉溶栓治疗是一次性、关键性、机会性的时间窗治疗,故选择合适的溶栓药物显得尤为重要。目前市面上可选的溶栓药物种类繁多,临床应该如何选择呢?今天我们就来细数一下不同溶栓药物的特点。

一、溶栓药物分类

按照对纤溶酶激活的方式分类,可以分为非特异性纤溶酶原激活剂(如尿激酶、链激酶)和特异性纤溶酶原激活剂(如阿替普酶、尿激酶原、瑞替普酶、替奈普酶)。

特异性纤溶酶原激活剂可选择性激活血栓中与纤维蛋白结合的纤溶酶原,其溶栓治疗的血管再通率高,对全身性纤溶活性影响较小,且出血风险低,因此溶栓效果优于非特异性纤溶酶原激活剂。

二、溶栓药物发展进程

溶栓药物依据其化学结构的改进分为以下4个研发阶段:

第一代溶栓药物以链激酶(SK)和尿激酶(UK)为代表。SK可促使游离的纤溶酶原转变为纤溶酶溶解纤维蛋白,特点是溶栓能力强,缺点为特异性差、易发生出血、过敏等不良反应;

第二代溶栓药物以组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)为代表,包括重组人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂阿替普酶(rt-PA)、尿激酶原(pro-UK)等,此类药物常与抗凝药物联用,溶栓能力较第一代溶栓药物进一步提高,且特异性好,不良反应少 ;

第三代溶栓药物运用基因和蛋白质工程技术在其特异性溶栓等方面进行改进,代表药物包括:瑞替普酶(r-PA)、替奈普酶 (TNK-tPA)等,特点为溶栓开通快速、有效率高、半衰期长等;

第四代主要为血浆交联纤维蛋白降解产物PAI-1抑制剂,从海洋微生物中提取,目前尚处于临床试验阶段,此类药物能解除纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1对组织型纤溶酶原激活剂和尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂的抑制,达到溶栓的目的。特点是可口服、给药半衰期长、不良反应少。

图1溶栓药物发展历史

t-PA:组织型纤溶酶原激活剂;rt-PA:重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂;FDA:食品药品监督管理局;AMI:急性心肌梗死;AIS:急性缺血性卒中

三、溶栓药物作用机制

血栓的溶解依赖于纤维蛋白溶解(简称纤溶)系统。纤溶酶原在激活物的作用下生成纤溶酶,将纤维蛋白分解为可溶性产物。内源性纤溶酶原激活剂主要有来自血管内皮细胞产生的t-PA和来自肾小管及集合管上皮细胞产生的尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂(u-PA)。

同时体内多种物质可抑制纤溶系统的活性,主要包括纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂-1(PAI-1)和α2-抗纤溶酶(α2-PA)(图2)。溶栓药物溶解血管床上附着的血栓主要通过激活纤溶酶原转化生成纤溶酶,继而在血栓附着处裂解血栓,无论 SK、UK,还是t-PA及其衍生物,均不能直接作用使纤维蛋白溶解,而是通常作为辅酶或其他酶激活内源性纤溶系统。

图2 溶栓药物作用机制

t-PA:组织型纤溶酶原激活剂;u-PA:尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂

理想的溶栓药物应具备以下特点:

(1)溶栓高效,提高再通率,降低死亡率。

(2)高度选择性,不易引起出血性并发症。

(3)无免疫原性,用后不产生相应抗体,不发生过敏反应。

(4)药物的半衰期长,用药次数少,使治疗更加方便。

(5)减少对PAI-1的再诱导。如UK和rt-PA具有对PAI-1的再诱导作用,与替奈普酶相比溶栓效率更低。

四、临床常用代表药物

1、尿激酶(UK)

药物特点:UK具有激酶活性,不仅可直接激活纤溶酶原使之转化为纤溶酶,还能提高血管 ADP 酶活性,抑制 ADP诱导的血小板聚集。但此类药物在溶栓的同时会降低血液中纤维蛋白原及凝血因子的数量,导致出血等严重不良事件的发生。

给药方法:在静脉肝素治疗的基础上,将尿激酶150万U溶于100 ml生理盐水或以2.2万U/kg于30 min内静脉滴注。

2、阿替普酶(rt-PA)

药物特点:阿替普酶对纤维蛋白具有特异性的亲和力,故可选择性地激活血凝块中的纤溶酶原,使阿替普酶具有较强的局部溶栓作用。阿替普酶无抗原性,轻度消耗纤维蛋白原,但由于半衰期短(4~5min),需要持续静脉给药,具有血管再通率高、脑出血发生率低的特点。

给药方法:

全量给药法 :在静脉肝素治疗的基础上,静脉注射阿替普酶15 mg,随后以0.75 mg/kg在30 min内持续静脉滴注(最大剂量不超过50 mg),继之以0.5 mg/kg于60 min持续静脉滴注( 最大剂量不超过35 mg),总剂量不超过100 mg。

半量给药法 :在静脉肝素治疗的基础上,50 mg阿替普酶溶于50 ml专用溶剂,首先静脉注射8 mg,之后将42 mg于90 min内静脉滴注完毕。

(注:鉴于东西方人群凝血活性可能存在差异,以及我国脑出血发生率高于西方人群,我国进行的TUCC试验证实,应用 50mg rt-PA也可取得较好疗效,故可优先考虑半量给药法)

3、瑞替普酶(r-PA)

药物特点:对纤维蛋白的亲和力弱于阿替普酶;与阿替普酶比较,游离的瑞替普酶更能进入血凝块内部激活纤溶酶原,提高了溶栓效果与速度 ;瑞替普酶还因为给药方法为2次静脉注射,具有使用方便的特点。瑞替普酶中度消耗纤维蛋白原,半衰期为15~18 min。国内多中心研究显示,瑞替普酶血管开通率高于尿激酶,同时其死亡率和出血事件发生率均低于尿激酶。多项研究表明瑞替普酶溶栓效果与阿替普酶相似。

给药方法:在静脉肝素治疗的基础上,18 mg瑞替普酶溶于5~10 ml无菌注射用水,静脉注射时间>2 min,30 min后重复上述剂量。注射时应使用单独的静脉通路,不能与其他药物混合给药,2 次静脉注射给药期间以生理盐水或 5%葡萄糖维持管路通畅。

4、替奈普酶(TNK-tPA)

药物特点:替奈普酶是t-PA的多点变异体,半衰期延长,约为20-24 min,纤溶蛋白特异性增加,极少消耗纤维蛋白原,对形成较久的血栓具有明显的溶栓效果,具有血管再通率高、使用方便的特点。对于STEMI发病6 h内的患者,替奈普酶溶栓治疗90 min TIMI3级血流率、30 d病死率、中重度出血发生率与阿替普酶相似。

给药方法:ESC指南推荐用量与我国不同,推荐用量为静脉肝素治疗的基础上,将30~50 mg替奈普酶溶于10 ml生理盐水中,静脉注射(如体重<60 kg,剂量为30mg;体重每增加10 kg,剂量增加5 mg,最大剂量为50 mg,患者年龄>75岁,剂量减半);我国自主研发的替奈普酶使用说明建议,在静脉肝素治疗的基础上,将16 mg替奈普酶以3 ml无菌注射用水溶解后,在5~10 s内静脉注射完毕。

5、尿激酶原

药物特点:尿激酶原是单链尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂,无抗原性,具有较强的血浆稳定性、更快的纤溶酶原激活作用及更强的纤维蛋白特异性血栓溶解作用,是我国具有独立知识产权的第三代溶栓药物。尿激酶原极少消耗纤维蛋白原,半衰期为1.9h,具有血管再通率高、脑出血发生率低的特点。SESAM研究发现尿激酶原与阿替普酶血管再通率相似。

给药方法:在静脉肝素治疗的基础上,给予尿激酶原一次用量50 mg,先将20 mg以10 ml生理盐水溶解后,3 min内静脉注射完毕,其余30 mg溶于90 ml生理盐水,30 min内静脉滴注完毕。

表1 常见溶栓药物特性比较

 

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    2021-01-09 ltxdsr810920

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    2020-05-23 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-05-22 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=914966, encodeId=fa0e9149661c, content=学习了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210518/cd5ae48bc99d4e5b99357ba20b7ae160/700da5bab6de47cba94dcc7b36f23639.jpg, createdBy=f1831296933, createdName=ltxdsr810920, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 20:11:34 CST 2021, time=2021-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383068, encodeId=f45f3830680b, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat May 23 10:20:16 CST 2020, time=2020-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383052, encodeId=6a723830528f, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri May 22 21:44:05 CST 2020, time=2020-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383026, encodeId=12d1383026e4, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu May 21 19:32:41 CST 2020, time=2020-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383003, encodeId=18bd38300320, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed May 20 23:26:38 CST 2020, time=2020-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382979, encodeId=ffb73829e985, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue May 19 23:12:55 CST 2020, time=2020-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382939, encodeId=543938293967, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon May 18 13:32:16 CST 2020, time=2020-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382917, encodeId=82c338291e4d, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun May 17 20:28:05 CST 2020, time=2020-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382879, encodeId=65db3828e970, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat May 16 14:36:29 CST 2020, time=2020-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382856, encodeId=879b38285674, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri May 15 23:42:26 CST 2020, time=2020-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-05-21 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=914966, encodeId=fa0e9149661c, content=学习了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210518/cd5ae48bc99d4e5b99357ba20b7ae160/700da5bab6de47cba94dcc7b36f23639.jpg, createdBy=f1831296933, createdName=ltxdsr810920, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 20:11:34 CST 2021, time=2021-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383068, encodeId=f45f3830680b, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat May 23 10:20:16 CST 2020, time=2020-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383052, encodeId=6a723830528f, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri May 22 21:44:05 CST 2020, time=2020-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383026, encodeId=12d1383026e4, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu May 21 19:32:41 CST 2020, time=2020-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383003, encodeId=18bd38300320, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed May 20 23:26:38 CST 2020, time=2020-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382979, encodeId=ffb73829e985, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue May 19 23:12:55 CST 2020, time=2020-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382939, encodeId=543938293967, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon May 18 13:32:16 CST 2020, time=2020-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382917, encodeId=82c338291e4d, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun May 17 20:28:05 CST 2020, time=2020-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382879, encodeId=65db3828e970, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat May 16 14:36:29 CST 2020, time=2020-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382856, encodeId=879b38285674, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri May 15 23:42:26 CST 2020, time=2020-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-05-20 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=914966, encodeId=fa0e9149661c, content=学习了,谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=83, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210518/cd5ae48bc99d4e5b99357ba20b7ae160/700da5bab6de47cba94dcc7b36f23639.jpg, createdBy=f1831296933, createdName=ltxdsr810920, createdTime=Sat Jan 09 20:11:34 CST 2021, time=2021-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383068, encodeId=f45f3830680b, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=108, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat May 23 10:20:16 CST 2020, time=2020-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383052, encodeId=6a723830528f, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri May 22 21:44:05 CST 2020, time=2020-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383026, encodeId=12d1383026e4, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=102, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu May 21 19:32:41 CST 2020, time=2020-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=383003, encodeId=18bd38300320, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Wed May 20 23:26:38 CST 2020, time=2020-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382979, encodeId=ffb73829e985, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Tue May 19 23:12:55 CST 2020, time=2020-05-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382939, encodeId=543938293967, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon May 18 13:32:16 CST 2020, time=2020-05-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382917, encodeId=82c338291e4d, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun May 17 20:28:05 CST 2020, time=2020-05-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382879, encodeId=65db3828e970, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat May 16 14:36:29 CST 2020, time=2020-05-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=382856, encodeId=879b38285674, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Fri May 15 23:42:26 CST 2020, time=2020-05-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-05-19 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-05-18 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-05-17 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-05-16 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2020-05-15 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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