把“眼睛”放进“窗户”内 经鼻内镜垂体瘤切除手术

2019-09-06 MED24 健康号

垂体瘤是神经系统非常常见的肿瘤,大概占到颅内肿瘤的15%左右。随着神经内镜技术的发展,相比于以往,垂体瘤手术已变得越来越微创,上海市东方医院神经外科主任钟春龙教授分享了目前垂体瘤手术的策略进展及最新理念。

垂体瘤是神经系统非常常见的肿瘤,大概占到颅内肿瘤的15%左右。随着神经内镜技术的发展,相比于以往,垂体瘤手术已变得越来越微创,上海市东方医院神经外科主任钟春龙教授分享了目前垂体瘤手术的策略进展及最新理念。

从打开颅骨到不见切口

垂体是人脑部的一个小小的腺体,虽然才6mm左右大,但却是非常重要的一个司令部,影响着全身的内分泌功能。

在垂体生长的肿瘤上动刀并非是易事。

垂体隐藏在大脑的最深部,开颅手术需要把颅骨打开,把整个脑子抬起来,才能显露深部的肿瘤,不仅花费了九牛二虎之的力气,而且无论是手术视野或照明都很差,切除很不方便。

开颅手术

如果换一种思路,就会显得容易的多。

既在颅腔底部,也是鼻腔顶部。钟教授用了一个形象的比喻:「釜底抽薪」。颅底跟鼻腔的顶部之间隔了一层颅底骨质,就像天花板一样,开颅等于从两楼去做,要把脑子抬起来,才能找得到地板上的这么一个垂体瘤。

如果从下面一层楼把薄薄的天花板挖一个洞,通过这个洞把垂体里面的垂体瘤切掉了以后,再悄悄地撤出来。

现在,大部分的垂体瘤手术可以通过鼻腔,即所谓的「经鼻入路微创切除术」。

但巧妇也难为无米之炊,即使经过鼻腔做手术理论上可行,要是没有相应的工具也无法实现。

鼻腔深部到大脑底部有很长的一段距离,一个是肉眼无法看清,另外切除肿瘤也需要借助一些比较狭长的工具。

显微镜的引入是一个技术突破。

把两个鼻孔扩开,光源打进去,医生就可以通过显微镜观察,顺着狭长的鼻孔通道到顶端来进行操作。

显微镜下垂体瘤手术

但这种显微镜手术的缺点也很明显,相当于「隔岸了望」,手术视野会受一定的限制。直到神经内镜技术的发展,经鼻手术有了质的飞跃。医生不用再「凑着鼻孔往里看」了,细长的神经内镜可以直接伸抵颅底,顶端配备了广角摄像头扩大了手术视野,还有冲洗装置和冷光源照明系统,医生可以直接在另一头的显示屏上进行清晰观察和双手操作。

神经内镜下经鼻垂体瘤切除

内镜的技术从标清到高清,现在已经达到超高清的水平,当内镜贴近肿瘤的时候,肿瘤表面的每一条血管都看得非常清楚,手术就可以切得很干净,也大大的提高了安全性。

如虎添翼下的理念发展

在神经内镜的辅助下,神经外科医生的一双巧手有了更多的用武之地,手术技巧也得以更新。

肿瘤全切率得到很大的提高的同时,临床更关注肿瘤切除后神经内分泌功能的恢复和残存垂体腺功能的保护。

垂体瘤分两种,一种叫功能性腺瘤,一种叫无功能性腺瘤。功能性腺瘤指的是能够分泌激素的垂体瘤,比如泌乳素腺瘤、生长激素腺瘤或者促肾上腺皮质激素腺瘤。

对于功能性的腺瘤,有学者在经鼻蝶入路的基础上提出了「沿肿瘤假包膜外分离切除的方法」,借助假包膜区分肿瘤组织和正常垂体组织的边界,以提高全切率,降低复发率。

打开鞍底硬膜所见膜性结构,1:鞍底第一层硬膜;2:鞍底第二层硬膜;3. 垂体包膜;4:垂体腺瘤假包膜

垂体瘤根据肿瘤的大小可以分成不同的类型:直径<1cm的是垂体微腺瘤;1cm~3cm之间的叫垂体大腺瘤;>3cm为巨大的垂体腺瘤。

较小垂体腺瘤的假包膜比较完整,并完全包裹肿瘤,术中易辨认,可沿着假包膜将肿瘤与正常组织分离,从而完全切除肿瘤;而较大的垂体腺瘤假包膜往往不完整。

对于很大的肿瘤,由于肿瘤的压迫,患者手术时已经接近于完全失明。切除肿瘤的过程中,巨大肿瘤经常呈分叶状生长,一不注意就很容易漏掉,需要有一些专门针对巨大肿瘤的双鼻孔双手配合操作、切除技巧。

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    2019-12-26 zhs3882
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    2019-09-08 chendoc244
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