CRT-D术中突发心衰 患者九死一生多亏……

2017-12-14 韩雅玲 王祖禄 朱鲜阳 规避陷阱:心血管疾病介入并发症防治攻略

62岁男性患者,2016年1月因“发作性胸痛3个月,胸闷、气短1周”入院。3个月前外院诊断为急性广泛前壁心肌梗死,心电图示三度房室传导阻滞。预备行CRT-D时,患者突发急性左心竭,经20分钟抢救,患者好转。CRT患者术前需做哪些准备?术中突发紧急情况怎样处理?术后有什么注意事项? 详见以下病例——

62岁男性患者,2016年1月因“发作性胸痛3个月,胸闷、气短1周”入院。3个月前外院诊断为急性广泛前壁心肌梗死,心电图示三度房室传导阻滞。预备行CRT-D时,患者突发急性左心竭,经20分钟抢救,患者好转。CRT患者术前需做哪些准备?术中突发紧急情况怎样处理?术后有什么注意事项? 详见以下病例——

入院1周前患者受凉致上呼吸道感染后出现胸闷、气短、呼吸困难,药物治疗效果不明显。心脏彩色多普勒提示全心增大,心功能减低,室壁运动普遍减弱,左室射血分数0.34。心电图:三度房室传导阻滞。入院后给予优化的药物治疗后,拟行CRT-D。顺序植入左室电极,右室、右房电极并连接脉冲发生器,此时患者突然出现咳嗽、咳白痰,迅速进展至呼吸困难,咳粉红色泡沫痰。心电监测提示:血压:130~140/70~80mmHg,指脉氧饱和度波动85%~90%,双肺可闻及明显干湿啰音,血氧持续下降。考虑患者急性左心心力衰竭发作,立即将患者上身抬起至坐位,保护术区,给予高流量面罩吸氧、呋塞米60mg静推利尿、去乙酰毛花苷注射液0.2mg静推强心治疗,同时使用硝普钠进行扩张血管,氨茶碱静脉输注解痉,并同时进行了导尿治疗。在抢救药物应用过程中,术者在坐位情况时快速缝合术区,加压包扎。经上述治疗后约20分钟,患者呼吸困难明显好转,指尖氧饱和度波动95%~98%,血压心率平稳,转运至监护病房。监护病房经积极有效地抗心衰治疗后患者症状缓解,生命体征平稳,可平卧,肺部啰音消失,4天后平稳出院。

点评:

该患者为器质性心脏病后心功能不全,合并三度房室传导阻滞,心率慢,术前限制了西地兰及β受体阻滞剂等药物的应用。患者术前虽然可平卧,肺部无啰音,但左室射血分数0.34,本身存在潜在的心功能不全。手术时间较长,心脏耐受手术的能力较差,为术中可能发作急性左心心力衰竭埋下隐患。据此,得出以下经验教训。

1.CRT患者需充分做好术前准备:完善各种术前检查,评估心功能状态。对临床症状认真评估,规范心力衰竭药物治疗,术晨测周围静脉压,计数6分钟步行距离,练习床上排尿排便,对于排尿困难者必要时导尿。与患者及家属进行充分的思想沟通、详细的病情分析,使其知情并配合治疗。

2.患者术中平卧位,手术时间持续时间相对较长,对于心力衰竭患者来说此体位会加重胸闷气短症状,持续低流量氧气吸入可以改善患者的缺氧症状;指尖氧饱和度监测可以判断患者的缺氧情况;建立可靠的静脉通路并控制滴速限制入水量;注意观察心电监护情况,警惕室速、室颤的发生,准备除颤仪于备用状态。遇复杂危重情况,果断制定手术策略,争取时间,术中善于利用双导丝技术、鞘中鞘技术等帮助提高手术成功率。加强团队协作,保证手术安全顺利。

3.术后注意事项:术后需卧床20~24小时,心电、血压、指尖氧饱和度监测,术侧肩关节及上肢制动,术区加压包扎,防止出血、血肿及电极移位。术后第2天下床后再次程控相关参数以了解电极导线及起搏器工作状态。

该患者术中发现急性左心心力衰竭比较及时,抢救治疗迅速有效,并立即完成了术区的缝合,避免了术区污染,术后继续给予强化抗心力衰竭治疗,心功能得以明显改善。术后程控起搏器各项参数正常,未发生因为术中抢救中坐起可能带来的电极移位,预后较好,此病例提示对于心力衰竭的患者,CRT手术风险大,手术时间偏长,术前有效地抗心力衰竭治疗至关重要。

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    2017-12-14 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

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