情绪与肿瘤的密切关系

2016-04-26 孟溪笔谈编辑整理 环球肿瘤资讯

人类抗击肿瘤已100多年,手术、化疗、放疗等治疗手段相继问世,免疫治疗、靶向治疗、基因治疗等治疗新技术亦层出不穷。在一系列对肿瘤的密集打击中,一些科学家正提出一个让人眼前一亮的防治方法:快乐!国内外一系列新证据发现:精神因素不只关乎情绪,还与神经调控、免疫系统、激素分泌,以及最终癌的发生有着微妙关联。基于科学家对肿瘤发生发展的这种新认识,肿瘤防治也提出了一条新路径。中国工程院院士、上海交通大学

人类抗击肿瘤已100多年,手术、化疗、放疗等治疗手段相继问世,免疫治疗、靶向治疗、基因治疗等治疗新技术亦层出不穷。在一系列对肿瘤的密集打击中,一些科学家正提出一个让人眼前一亮的防治方法:快乐!

国内外一系列新证据发现:精神因素不只关乎情绪,还与神经调控、免疫系统、激素分泌,以及最终癌的发生有着微妙关联。基于科学家对肿瘤发生发展的这种新认识,肿瘤防治也提出了一条新路径。中国工程院院士、上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院上海市肿瘤研究所顾健人教授是这些新观念的积极倡导者。

1、“快乐小鼠”的肿瘤变小甚至消失了

癌症死亡是一个令人生畏的话题。顾健人提到三个“1/3”的说法:1/3病人死于癌症发展的自然规律,比如90%死于癌的转移;1/3病人死于过度治疗,把人给摧毁了;1/3病人死于恐惧与高度忧郁,也就是我们经常说的“被吓死的”。前两点是现在肿瘤防治的难点与热点,最后一点是顾健人格外关注的。


2010年《细胞》杂志刊登了一个外国实验室的发现。实验室人员把一群小鼠放在一个“丰富的生存环境”,即笼子里放有各种小鼠喜爱的玩具,每只笼子中的小鼠数多于8只,保证它们尽情地互动,生活在这种状态下的小鼠被称为“快乐小鼠”。

将“快乐小鼠”跟对照组小鼠比较,研究人员发现,“快乐小鼠”的肿瘤变小了,证明良性的精神刺激对肿瘤竟有抑制作用。科研人员提示了一条“神奇通路”:大脑皮层良性刺激-海马区(“快乐小鼠”有“脑来源神经营养因子”高表达)-自主神经(主要是交感神经)-脂肪组织(脂肪因子)-抑瘤。实验涉及黑色素瘤、胰腺癌、结肠息肉病等。

成年小鼠的大脑

最近,上海市肿瘤研究所屠红、甘愉研究组,进一步验证了国外的发现。研究人员在实验鼠的饲养过程中也营造了“丰富的生存环境”,在饲养笼子里摆放了迷宫、玩具、房子、滑轮。在红外线拍摄下,记者看到,小鼠不仅白天玩,在夜间也玩耍频繁,表现活跃;而对照组小鼠则显得平静甚至有些呆滞。

结论

比较两组小鼠发现,“快乐小鼠”的肿瘤重量比对照组的都要低,有的肿瘤不仅变小,还消失了。实验涉及的黑色素瘤、胰腺癌、肺癌都有类似情况。其中,黑色素瘤抑瘤率43.1%,Panc02胰腺癌的抑瘤率为58.2%,Lewis肺癌癌的抑瘤率为36.5%。研究人员也在“快乐小鼠”的下丘脑发现了“脑来源神经营养因子”高表达。

在世界上几个零星的实验室里,科学家正在获得中枢调控系统与肿瘤关联的新证据。上海市肿瘤研究所最近发现:“良性精神刺激可能改变了癌细胞的代谢,同时影响到免疫系统。”这提示了精神行为可能对肿瘤产生影响。 

癌细胞


2、肿瘤找准机会组建体内独立王国

我们有必要来重新认识一下肿瘤。

“传统概念认为癌是局部组织的自主性异常生长:胃癌就是胃的毛病,肝癌就是肝的毛病。那是一个多世纪前的观点,当时的金科玉律,走到今天,要变了。”顾健人称,越来越多的证据认为,癌症是一种系统性疾病。

癌症会在全身转移


2004年、2005年,顾健人与杨胜利院士先后在《美国科学院院报》、《中华医学杂志》提出,癌症是一种以局部组织异常生长为特征的全身性系统调控失常的疾病。

人体有两大系统性调控系统:中枢性调控系统和外周性调控系统。

中枢性调空系统

中枢性调控系统包括全身的激素系统(肾上腺、性腺、甲状腺、其它激素器官);自主神经系统,这里有交感神经、副交感神经,控制免疫器官、胸腺、脾脏等。这好比身体内的“中央政府”。

外周性调控系统

外周性调控系统存在于各种器官,肝、胰、消化道、肺、肾、皮肤、脂肪组织等。这好比身体内的“地方政府”。这外周调控系统,正是国外所忽视的。

上海市肿瘤研究所同时关注并研究这两种系统,张志刚研究团队发现,肝存在着非神经来源的神经递质及其受体、激素及其受体与局部免疫系统的调控网络。此前已有研发发现,脂肪细胞可合成雌激素与促胰岛素分泌的激素,也就是说非内分泌细胞也可以分泌激素。这些发现提示,器官水平也可能存在一套甚至多套神经递质-激素-免疫的调控系统。

上海市
肿瘤研发所

“神经系统-激素-内分泌对全身的调控并非新的命题,但器官水平存在神经递质-激素-免疫的调控是一个新概念,器官/组织水平的调控系统是对中枢调控系统的补充、补偿和一种常态调节系统,其异常与疾病发生相关。”顾健人解释,肿瘤就是在这两个调控系统“失衡”时诞生,并形成一个属于自己微环境的调控系统,里面也有神经递质-激素-内分泌调控系统。这个系统让它拥有保护自己的免疫细胞,它们如同帐篷那样保护着肿瘤细胞。

总结

顾健人作过一个形象的比喻:肿瘤的形成就是中枢性调控系统“不作为”、外周器官/组织的调控系统“乱作为”,肿瘤就是“黑社会”,自我膨胀,破坏社会稳定,破坏警察系统(免疫系统)。人体免疫系统应该是攻击癌细胞的,结果被肿瘤“教唆”,变成了它的保护伞。“肿瘤好比组建了一个体内的独立王国,这是肿瘤难治的根源。”

这些观点改变着我们对肿瘤的认识,也影响着肿瘤的预防与治疗的方向。2012年12月,荷兰系统生物学权威J.van.de.Greef教授致信顾健人,肯定了系统调控观念的重要性。“我们相信多维的调控在生物学和癌症上具有十分重要的意义。这种动态的调控系统研究,对生物科学发展提供了新途径。”

“癌是机体中枢与局部系统性调控失衡的结果,再平衡的建立,是今后个体治疗的关键。”顾健人强调心理良性环境对再平衡组建的作用,这需要医患、病人间的良性互动,也需要药物辅助治疗,比如未来可以考虑给患者提供抗焦虑、促“幸福感”的药物。

3、肿瘤治疗不能“只见肿瘤不见人”

对患者个体的关注,已经成为如今肿瘤防治的焦点之一。遗憾的是,大家忙着翻炒国外的主流理念,真正的关键问题我们还远远没有解决。

十多年前,世界卫生组织提出对癌症的三个“1/3”的解释,即1/3癌症病人可通过一级预防防治癌的发生;1/3癌症通过二级预防可明显提高生存率,甚至根治;1/3癌症可通过合理的综合治疗提高生存率。

“这个观点在10多年前提出,至今看来很有远见。”顾健人以一级预防为例解释道,吸烟容易引发肺癌,阻断吸烟这个行为可以预防肺癌,这就叫一级预防。

一级预防防治癌的发生,包括外因和内因。外因指的是环境因素,比如吸烟、喝酒、过度营养,缺少体力活动。上海市肿瘤研究所项永兵研究员最近连续发表了4篇文章,揭示肥胖、2型糖尿病与肝癌、胰腺癌密切相关。

强调

“这再次提示我们肿瘤并非孤立的,其它疾病也可引发肿瘤。”顾健人强调。

此外,一级预防里的外因还包括化学致癌、病毒、细菌等环境因素。也就是说,我们所处的环境,以及生活方式、饮食方式,关系到癌的发生。

内因除了大家比较熟悉的遗传因素,还包括神经/激素/免疫系统失常。这再度提示了神经紧张与癌的关联,这也是近年科学家特别关注的一个问题。


2000年,LeeHood提出了“4P医学”理念,它是“预防医学”、“预测医学”、“个体医学”、“参与医学”的英文首字母缩写。

这其中的“预防医学”包含了世界卫生组织谈到的一级预防、两级预防,即早期诊断、早期治疗。以早期诊断为例,上海市肿瘤研究所覃文新研究组发现了DKK-1可作为对肝癌早期诊断的新标志物,受到国际关注,已进入多中心验证阶段。

讨论

“预测医学”、“个体医学”则是现在学界的热点与难点。有没有可能对疾病的病情做到预测?以癌症为例,预测癌症病人的各种参数:恶性程度、转移的可能性、治疗(放疗、化疗、靶向药物治疗)的敏感性、预后等。近十年来,国际上已有大量资料证明:同一种肿瘤,它的基因改变及生物学行为不尽相同,甚至在同一病人的同一个肿瘤中,不同的区域也不一定相同。因此,肿瘤的个体化鉴定及制定相应的治疗方案越来越显得重要。最近,美国国立卫生研究院提出“精准医学”,正是在“预测医学”、“个体医学”的基础上发展而来的。

值得注意的是,4P医学提出“参与医学”的观念,强调病人的参与。

“多少年来,病人都是被动的、听医生的。”顾健人称,“参与医学”不仅包括让患者在选择治疗方案时主动参与,更重要的是,它强调对患者的精神疏导、药物治疗和更多的医患互动。顾健人对复旦大学附属肿瘤医院开展对肿瘤病人的治疗后心理疏导表示赞赏。

科研人员已经认识到肿瘤治疗是一个机体平衡状态的重新建立过程,其中,精神因素对癌的发展有微妙关系,这就需要医生必须关注病人的精神状态。肿瘤治疗只关注肿瘤本身是远远不够的,必须关注生肿瘤的人,“见病不见人”可能是我们必须纠正的认识和实践误区。

快乐,在某种意义上,可能是对肿瘤防治的一次革命。

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    2016-10-06 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章真心很好,感谢作者

    0

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    2016-10-03 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    深度好文,值得关注

    0

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    2016-08-29 ylzr123

    深入学习,好文值得点赞!

    0

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    2016-07-10 oo902

    关系密切

    0

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    2016-04-28 1de7460am01(暂无匿称)

    事物间是普遍联系的

    0

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    2016-04-27 1dd8c52fm63(暂无匿称)

    肯定关系密切啊!

    0

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    2016-04-26 老段

    关系密切

    0

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