这5种常见的食物中毒,生活中一定要注意

2021-11-26 “为了家人学点医”公众号 “为了家人学点医”公众号

细菌性食物中毒是指人们摄入含有细菌或细菌毒素的食品而引起的食物中毒。引起食物中毒的原因有很多,其中最主要、最常见的原因就是食物被细菌污染。

01

细菌性食物中毒

是指人们摄入含有细菌或细菌毒素的食品而引起的食物中毒。引起食物中毒的原因有很多,其中最主要、最常见的原因就是食物被细菌污染。据我国近五年食物中毒统计资料表明,细菌性食物中毒占食物中毒总数的50%左右,而动物性食品是引起细菌性食物中毒的主要食品,其中肉类及熟肉制品居首位,其次有变质禽肉、病死畜肉以及鱼、奶、剩饭等。

食物被细菌污染主要有以下几个原因:

1、禽畜在宰杀前就是病禽、病畜;

2、刀具、砧板及用具不洁,生熟交叉感染;

3、卫生状况差,蚊蝇滋生;

4、食品从业人员带菌污染食物。

并不是人吃了细菌污染的食物就马上会发生食物中毒,细菌污染了食物并在食物上大量繁殖达到可致病的数量或繁殖产生致病的毒素,人吃了这种食物才会发生食物中毒。因此,发生食物中毒的另一主要原因就是贮存方式不当或在较高温度下存放较长时间。食品中的水分及营养条件使致病菌大量繁殖,如果食前彻底加热,杀死病原菌的话,也不会发生食物中毒。那么,最后一个重要原因为食前未充分加热,未充分煮熟。

细菌性食物中毒的发生与不同区域人群的饮食习惯有密切关系。美国多食肉、蛋和糕点,葡萄球菌食物中毒最多;日本喜食生鱼片,副溶血性弧菌食物中毒最多;我国食用畜禽肉、禽蛋类较多,多年来一直以沙门氏菌食物中毒居首位。引起细菌性食物中毒的始作俑者有沙门菌、葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、肉毒杆菌、肝炎病毒等。这些细菌、病毒可直接生长在食物当中,也可经过食品操作人员的手或容器,污染其他食物。当人们食用这些被污染过的食物,有害菌所产生的毒素就可引起中毒。每至夏天,各种微生物生长繁殖旺盛,食品中的细菌数量较多,加速了其腐败变质;加之人们贪凉,常食用未经充分加热的食物,所以夏季是细菌性食物中毒的高发季节。

02

真菌毒素中毒

真菌在谷物或其他食品中生长繁殖产生有毒的代谢产物,人和动物食入这种毒性物质发生的中毒,称为真菌性食物中毒。中毒发生主要通过被真菌污染的食品,用一般的烹调方法加热处理不能破坏食品中的真菌毒素。真菌生长繁殖及产生毒素需要一定的温度和湿度,因此中毒往往有比较明显的季节性和地区性。

03

动物性食物中毒

食入动物性中毒食品引起的食物中毒即为动物性食物中毒。动物性中毒食品主要有两种;

将天然含有有毒成分的动物或动物的某一部分当做食品,误食引起中毒反应;在一定条件下产生了大量的有毒成分的可食的动物性食品,如食用鲐鱼等也可引起中毒。近年,我国发生的动物性食物中毒主要是河豚鱼中毒,其次是鱼胆中毒。

04

植物性食物中毒

主要有3种。

①将天然含有有毒成分的植物或其加工制品当作食品,如桐油、大麻油等引起的食物中毒;

②在食品的加工过程中,将未能破坏或除去有毒成分的植物当作食品食用,如木薯、苦杏仁等;

③在一定条件下,不当食用大量有毒成分的植物性食品,食用鲜黄花菜、发芽马铃薯、未腌制好的咸菜或未烧熟的扁豆等造成中毒。一般因误食有毒植物或有毒的植物种子,或烹调加工方法不当,没有把植物中的有毒物质去掉而引起。最常见的植物性食物中毒为菜豆中毒、毒蘑菇中毒、木薯中毒;可引起死亡的有毒蘑菇、马铃薯、曼陀罗、银杏、苦杏仁、桐油等。植物性中毒多数没有特效疗法,对一些能引起死亡的严重中毒,尽早排除毒物对中毒者的预后非常重要。

05

化学性食物中毒

主要包括:

①误食被有毒害的化学物质污染的食品;

②因添加非食品级的或伪造的或禁止使用的食品添加剂、营养强化剂的食品,以及超量使用食品添加剂而导致的食物中毒;

③因贮藏等原因,造成营养素发生化学变化的食品,如油脂酸败造成中毒。食入化学性中毒食品引起的食物中毒即为化学性食物中毒。化学性食物中毒发病特点是:发病与进食时间、食用量有关。一般进食后不久发病,常有群体性,病人有相同的临床表现。剩余食品、呕吐物、血和尿等样品中可测出有关化学毒物。在处理化学性食物中毒时应突出一个“快”字!及时处理不但对挽救病人生命十分重要,同时对控制事态发展,特别是群体中毒和一时尚未明确化学毒物时更为重要。

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    2021-11-28 mashirong
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    2021-11-28 yhy100201
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    2021-11-27 线标

    0

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    2021-11-27 1792186248@qq.com

    0

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    2021-11-27 ms9000000672139282

    额嗯,确实蛮好的

    0

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