三步走,正确服用降糖药!

2022-06-10 山东省济南医院糖尿病诊疗中心主任 王建华 医学界内分泌频道

糖尿病患者如果用药不当,不仅不能使病情得到有效控制,反而会对身体造成不必要的伤害。要做到安全有效地使用药物,必须遵循以下三个步骤:一、分清药物类别口服降糖药主要有六大类,而每类药物均有其各自的适应证。

糖尿病患者如果用药不当,不仅不能使病情得到有效控制,反而会对身体造成不必要的伤害。要做到安全有效地使用药物,必须遵循以下三个步骤:


一、分清药物类别


口服降糖药主要有六大类,而每类药物均有其各自的适应证。


1、磺脲类:此类药物主要通过刺激胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素发挥降糖作用,适用于尚存部分胰岛功能的2型糖尿病人,其主要不良反应是低血糖,临床常用的有格列本脲、格列齐特、格列喹酮、格列吡嗪、格列美脲等。


2、格列奈类:属于非磺脲类胰岛素促泌剂,但起效更快、作用维持时间较短,可以有效降低餐后血糖,但却很少引起下一餐前低血糖。代表药物有瑞格列奈、那格列奈等。


3、双胍类:此类药物主要通过抑制肝糖原分解及糖异生、增加肌肉等外周组织对葡萄糖的摄取和利用、影响葡萄糖在胃肠道的吸收等途径降低血糖,此外还有减肥、降脂以及心血管保护作用,尤其适用于肥胖的2型糖尿病人。临床常用的有盐酸二甲双胍、盐酸二甲双胍缓释片等。


4、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂:此类药物主要通过延缓食物中碳水化合物的消化吸收来降低餐后血糖,1型和2型糖尿病患者均可选用。临床常用的有阿卡波糖、伏格列波糖等。


5、噻唑烷二酮类:也称为“胰岛素增敏剂”,适用于伴有胰岛素抵抗的2型糖尿病患者。临床常用的有罗格列酮、吡格列酮等。


6、DPP-IV抑制剂:是一种基于肠促胰素(GLP-1)机制的新型降糖药物,适用于胰岛β细胞仍有一定功能的糖尿病患者(如新发2型糖尿病患者),或者单用双胍类、磺脲类、噻唑烷二酮类药物效果不佳时的联合用药。临床常用的有西格列汀、沙格列汀、阿格列汀、维格列汀等。


二、合理选用药物


糖尿病的病因和发病机制十分复杂,不同糖尿病个体在病因、病程、年龄、胖瘦、血糖谱、胰岛功能、并发症的有无以及轻重等方面均不相同,没有哪一种药物人人皆宜,因此,一定要个体化地选用药物。


例如,肥胖糖尿病患者应首选双胍类或α-糖苷酶抑制剂,因为它们不增加患者体重,而服用磺脲类药物可使体重增加;肾功能不好的糖尿病患者应选用格列喹酮、瑞格列奈,因其代谢产物绝大部分经胆道排泄,只有少量经肾排出,对肾脏影响小;对于老年人以及不能保证按时进餐的糖尿病患者(如驾驶员、高空作业者等),最好选择起效快速、随餐服药的“餐时血糖调节剂”,而不宜选择中、长效的降糖药,以免引起低血糖。


三、服用方法得当


不同的药物有不同的服药方法,例如,磺脲类药物应在饭前半小时服;格列奈类药物应在餐前即服;双胍类药物一般建议在餐中或餐后服用;α-糖苷酶抑制剂应在开始进餐时随饭嚼碎服。


服药方法不对,不仅会降低疗效,而且会增加药物的副作用。另外,在药物用量上,也要注意遵照药品说明书,例如老年人及肝肾功能不良者,用药剂量宜小不宜大。

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    2022-07-04 1459797bm82暂无昵称

    学习了

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    2016-12-31 1e1d1dcbm73(暂无匿称)

    很细节的学习内容,谢谢!

    0

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    2016-12-08 1e183db5m33(暂无匿称)

    学习了,又补充了一些小知识。

    0

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    2016-12-08 187清风

    巩固学习

    0

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    2016-12-07 1e184d7bm65(暂无匿称)

    正确合理用药很重要

    0

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    2016-12-07 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医学知识讲座

    0

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    2016-12-07 laoli

    学习了!收藏!

    0

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    2016-12-07 清幽蓝燕yan

    很多细节又学习了

    0

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    2016-12-07 399

    很基础的知识,加深一下印象

    0

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警惕!这些降糖药可引起贫血!

贫血,是指人体外周血红细胞容量臧少,低于正常范围下限的一种常见的临床症状,危害人体健康。临床常见的贫血类型有巨幼细胞性、缺铁性、再生障碍性、溶血性贫血等。降糖药物可能引起贫血的发生,虽然发生率不高,但由于糖尿病发病率高、是慢性病,患者多数需要长期及终身服药,因此,弄清楚降糖药物可能会导致什么类型的贫血、如何预防十分重要;另外,如果发现贫血现象应该加以关注,尽早治疗。

CFDA再次修订警告:这种降糖药可增加心衰风险!

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重磅!《二甲双胍临床应用专家共识(2016版)》全新出炉

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JASN:新型口服降糖药可帮助患者保护肾脏健康

最近一项研究表明一类新型口服抗糖尿病药物除了可以帮助病人降低血糖水平,或还可帮助保护病人肾脏健康。相关研究结果发表在国际学术期刊Journal of the American Society of Nephrology上。SGLT2抑制剂药物通过抑制肾脏SGLT2功能增加葡萄糖向尿液中的排放从而达到降低血糖的效果。除此之外,这种新型的抗糖尿病药物还可以帮助降低血压和体重。但是到目前为止SGLT2抑

JAMA:看过来,2型糖尿病降糖药物疗效大PK

治疗2型糖尿病的降糖药物种类繁多,包括胰岛素在内的降糖药物的疗效和安全性如何呢? 研究人员进行了一项24周及更长时间的研究。主要终点是心血管死亡率。次要终点包括全因死亡率、严重不良事件、心肌梗死、卒中、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C)水平,治疗失败(抢救治疗或缺乏效果),低血糖和体重。 结果:共涉及301项临床试验((1 417 367 人-月);177个试验中(56 598人)使用单药治疗