精准医学:华大基因两项新算法亮相美国分子病理学年会

2017-11-22 佚名 肿瘤资讯

2017年11月16-18日(北京时间11月17-19日)的美国分子病理学会年会(AMP 2017 Annual Meeting)上,华大基因发布了两项肿瘤临床应用领域的新算法:一项是用于检测患者MSI状态的新算法EDB-MSI;另一项是用于预测乳腺癌和卵巢癌患者PARP抑制剂用药疗效的BGI-HRD算法。这两项算法有望成为精准医疗的新的有效工具。

2017年11月16-18日(北京时间11月17-19日)的美国分子病理学会年会(AMP 2017 Annual Meeting)上,华大基因发布了两项肿瘤临床应用领域的新算法:一项是用于检测患者MSI状态的新算法EDB-MSI;另一项是用于预测乳腺癌卵巢癌患者PARP抑制剂用药疗效的BGI-HRD算法。这两项算法有望成为精准医疗的新的有效工具。

EDB-MSI新算法检测肿瘤MSI状态具有更高准确性

EDB-MSI算法是基于NGS的新型微卫星不稳定性检测的算法。它是基于MSI文献积累的历史致病位点,选取目标区域上与癌症相关的13个MS位点,代号为MSI1-MSI13。通过统计待检测样本和与之配对的对照样本在上述13个MS位点处重复单位的长度的分布情况,得到每个位点的MSI风险评分。最后,通过综合考虑13个目标MS位点的得分情况来给出待检测样本的整体MSI状态。

研究结果显示,基于EDB-MSI方法所得结果与金标准MSI-PCR结果有较高的一致性,且可避免人为干扰因素导致的结果不准确性。EDB-MSI方法与其它的MSI-NGS方法进行比较,如MANTIS,MSISensor,mSINGS,MSI_baseline等,结果表明,EDB-MSI方法的准确性最高。EDB-MSI算法对分析结直肠癌患者的MSI状态有潜在的效用,后续可考虑将该算法应用于癌症样本的MSI状态分析。


EDM-MSI与其它MSI-NGS方法比较

BGI-HRD算法预测乳腺癌/卵巢癌患者PARP抑制剂疗效

同源重组缺失(homologous Recombination Defiency, HRD)用于评估患者是否受益于PARP抑制剂。与单独的BRCA基因检测相比,BGI-HRD算法可以鉴定出更多具有同源重组缺陷型肿瘤,扩大BRCA检测无法覆盖的人群,并可以为患者选择合适的治疗方案,是目前国内唯一能够基于NGS实现乳腺癌/卵巢癌PARP抑制剂伴随诊断的产品。

华大基因开发的基于无对照肿瘤组织的BGI-HRD算法,包括杂合性缺失(LOH)、跨端粒等位基因不平衡(TAI),大区断颠换(LST)、肿瘤倍性及肿瘤纯度,基于综合加权建模预测患者对PARP抑制剂的敏感性。通过WES测序技术对51例乳腺癌样本进行检测,评估了BGI-HRD与BRCA1/2突变的相关性;通过HRD-NGS-panel技术对11例乳腺癌和卵巢癌细胞系进行检测,评估了BGI-HRD与PARP抑制剂用药疗效的相关性。WES结果显示,80%的BRCA1/2突变的乳腺癌患者具有较高的BGI-HRD分值,且BGI-HRD与BRCA1/2缺陷具有明显的相关性;HRD-NGS-panel检测结果显示,85.7%(6/7)具有较高BGI-HRD分值的乳腺癌及卵巢癌细胞系表现为对PARP抑制剂敏感(IC50 < 2uM),且HRD分值与PARP抑制剂敏感性之间呈负相关。而目前临床应用较成熟的检测BRCA1/2基因的突变或甲基化状态的方法,仅能预测约50%的PARP抑制剂可能受益的患者。

概念普及时间

以上的报道,您都能理解吗?如果有一定困难,可以继续看以下我们的概念普及内容。

什么是“微卫星不稳定性(MSI)呢”?它有哪些临床意义呢?

微卫星不稳定:

微卫星是真核生物基因组中均匀分布的、短串联重复序列或简单重复序列,一般由1~6个核苷酸的串联重复单元构成,重复5至50次不等,其重复次数在个体间呈高度变异。在DNA的复制过程中,DNA聚合酶在遇到串联重复序列时会发生“打滑”,引起微卫星位点中核苷酸的插入或缺失。而这一过程可以被错配修复(mismatch repair, MMR)系统所识别并修复,若MMR基因发生启动子区的高甲基化或编码区的突变,导致其功能丧失,则会无法及时修复微卫星中自发的高频长度变异,从而引起MSI。

微卫星不稳定的临床意义:

1 判断预后

目前已有大量证据表明,dMMR/MSI-H是II期CRC患者预后良好的一个标志物。因此,对于具有dMMR/MSI-H肿瘤的II期CRC患者,3/4级分化(低分化)不再认为是高危因素。但是,Ⅲ期的结直肠癌与Ⅰ/Ⅱ期相比,MSI-H患者的病理类型更差,生存结局也更差。这些研究也支持了在dMMR进展期结直肠癌患者的无进展生存(PFS)和OS结局更不尽如人意的研究结果。

2 指导治疗

1)一项回顾性研究结果显示,MSI-H患者并不能从5-FU的辅助化疗中获益。另一项研究结果则表明,dMMR可作为5-FU辅助治疗CRC无效的预测标志物。一项荟萃分析结果亦显示:在II期CRC患者中,具有dMMR者接受辅助化疗较未经治疗者并无生存优势,5年DFS反而显着缩短(72% vs. 87%)。这些研究结果表明,对于具有dMMR/MSI-H的II期患者,给予5-FU辅助化疗非但不能带来生存获益,反而对患者不利。因此,II期CRC患者是否需要辅助化疗,需要综合考虑临床高危因素和MSI状态。如果考虑氟尿嘧啶类单药治疗,推荐行MMR检测;对于具有dMMR/MSI-H的II期患者,可能预后较好,不应给予氟尿嘧啶类单药辅助治疗。

2)2017年,FDA批准了2种免疫治疗药物的适应证,正式将MSI作为一种有效的生物标记物(Biomarker)列入到临床实践中:

5月份,FDA加速批准了Pembrolizumab应用在成人和儿童,MSI-H或dMMR的,没有其他治疗选择的,不可切除或转移性实体瘤患者。并且批准其应用在5-FU、奥沙利铂、伊立替康耐药的MSI-H或dMMR结直肠癌患者中。

8月份,FDA又加速批准了Nivolumab在MSI-H或dMMR结直肠癌中的相似适应证。

临床上常用筛查方法为MSI-PCR从分子水平检测MSI,或用免疫组化检测MMR相关蛋白的表达,但以上两种方法均存在人为干扰因素影响。

什么是HRD呢?它又有哪些临床意义呢?

HRD(homologous recombination deficiency同源重组缺失):

是指一些肿瘤细胞中,因为肿瘤的同源重组相关基因的突变、缺失而导致细胞同源重组功能丧失。通常HRD肿瘤细胞会出现大片段拷贝数异常、端粒不稳定和杂合性缺失等染色体异常。HRD大多数是因为HRR(同源重组修复基因)突变导致的。HRR基因是负责人类同源重组修复的基因,主要负责修复双链断裂。当这类基因发生突变或缺失,基因组断裂不能及时修复,会容易出现以染色体断裂、杂合性缺失、端粒不稳定为主的基因组缺陷症状。通过衡量这三个基因组缺陷程度,可以评估HRD的分数。

HRD的临床意义:

1) 铂类化疗敏感性预测

很多证据表明,HRD与肿瘤铂类化疗药物的敏感性相关。2016年,研究表明在三阴性乳腺癌中,HRD分值高的患者,对铂类化疗药物的新辅助化疗应答率显着高于HRD分值低的患者(Clin Cancer Res. 2016 Aug 1;22(15):3764-73.)。

2) PARP抑制剂用药指导

在一种PARP抑制剂Niraparib的三期临床试验中(Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017 Apr;18(6):631-640.),HRD分数作为一个重要分层因素参与。研究中显示,Niraparib在HRD分数大于42的患者中,效果显着好于HRD分数低于42的患者,且HRD对PARP抑制剂效果的预示作用好于单纯检测BRCA突变。

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    2018-05-11 lisa438
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    2017-11-24 jktdtl

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