JAMA Cardiology:mRNA疫苗后遗症(心肌炎)偏爱16-24岁年轻男性

2022-04-26 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

导语

导语

多国药物警戒报告、卫生系统监测研究和病例系列表明,接种SARS-CoV-2疫苗与心肌炎和心包炎之间存在关联,这种关联在接种第2剂mRNA疫苗BNT162b2和mRNA-1273后更为明显。而严重的心肌炎或心包炎可导致慢性心力衰竭甚至死亡,对健康的危害不容忽视。

2021年6月25日,FDA基于美国疾控中心(CDC)发布的不良事件报告,对辉瑞和Moderna新冠mRNA疫苗说明书进行修订,向民众发布警告:以上两种新冠疫苗接种将增加心肌炎和心包炎(心脏周围组织炎症)的发生风险。

2021年12月,根据BMJ发布的近500万丹麦人群研究显示:接种mRNA-1273疫苗与12~39岁群体罹患心肌炎或心包炎风险显着增加相关,但接种后的绝对发病率很低;女性患上此类疾病风险的增加则与接种BNT162b2疫苗显着相关[1]。此研究是由英国伦敦帝国理工学院Anders Husby牵头开展,通过搜集丹麦全国的疫苗接种登记数据,分析得出SARS-CoV-2疫苗接种与心肌炎和心包炎的关联。

对此,WHO和欧洲药品管理局曾表态,考虑到疫苗可防范新冠重症、降低死亡率,接种疫苗的益处大于其所带来的风险。今年2月9日,美国心脏病学会公开表示,虽然疫苗相关性心肌炎是接种mRNA疫苗后会真实存在的副作用,但鉴于这种情况较少,疫苗接种的益处仍大于风险[2]。

JAMA Cardiology:16-24岁年轻男性,接种mRNA疫苗风险最高

既往来自美国、以色列和加拿大的病例报告、监测数据表明,接种SARS-CoV-2 mRNA疫苗后人体患心肌炎的风险增加,在第二剂后更高,在年轻男性中这一关联性更为明显。来自加拿大和法国的数据表明,mRNA-1273后的心肌炎病例多于BNT162b2接种后的病例,但具体情况仍有待阐明。

近日,JAMA Cardiology发布一项题为“SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Myocarditis in a Nordic Cohort Study of 23 Million Residents”的队列研究。本次研究共招募来自4个北欧国家丹麦、芬兰、挪威和瑞典的2310万居民参与研究,经过研究与分析发现对于接受两剂相同疫苗的个体,年龄界于16-24岁的年轻男性在接种第二剂疫苗后患心肌炎的风险最高。

图1 研究成果(图源:[3])

目前,欧洲药品管理局和欧盟委员会已批准4种针对SARS-CoV-2的疫苗——BNT162b2(Pfizer-BioNTech)、mRNA-1273(Moderna)、AZD1222(AstraZeneca)和Ad26.COV2.S(Janssen)。北欧国家主要使用BNT162b2和mRNA-1273这两种mRNA疫苗,其中,北欧国家接种BNT162b2的人数大约是mRNA-1273的6倍。

2020年12月27日至2021年10月5日,研究人员对来自北欧4个国家12岁以上的23122522名居民(男性占比49.8%,女性占比50.2%)进行随访。到随访结束时,疫苗接种数据如下:

▼共有17129982名居民(74%)接受了2剂SARS-CoV-2疫苗,1681930名居民(7%)接受了1剂SARS-CoV-2疫苗;

▼12至15岁年龄段中共有1238004人,有487751人(39%)至少接种过1剂SARS-CoV-2疫苗;

▼16至24岁年龄段中共有2675558人,有2009995人(75%)至少接种过1剂SARS-CoV-2疫苗;

▼25至39岁年龄段中共有5046164人,有3736517人(74%)至少接种过1剂SARS-CoV-2疫苗;

▼年龄在40岁或以上的14162796人中,有12579805人(89%)至少接种过1剂SARS-CoV-2疫苗。

研究人员使用泊松回归对事件数量预估具有95% CI的发生率比(IRR),比较疫苗接种后风险期的发生率与未接种期的发生率。结果发现,与未接种者相比,接种BNT162b2和mRNA-1273后28天内发生心肌炎的风险更高,并且在第二剂疫苗后高于第一剂疫苗;接种第二剂mRNA-1273后的风险比第二剂BNT162b2后的风险更明显,且在16至24岁的男性中风险最高。具体数据如下:

1. 随访期内,心肌炎和心包炎发病情况

在未接种疫苗和接种疫苗后的28天风险期内(共1300万人年),研究人员共观察到1077例心肌炎病例和1149例心包炎病例;

在未接种疫苗期间,男性心肌炎发病率为9.7/100000人年,女性为4.3/100000人年。在16至24岁的人群中,男性发病率为18.8/10万人年,女性为4.4/10万人年。心包炎的发病率随年龄的增长而增加,即在年龄较大的人群中患心肌炎的风险最高。在接种疫苗后,患心肌炎的风险在较年轻的人群中最高。

万人年:一种统计计算数据单位

2. 风险期内,疫苗接种与心肌炎发病关系

在接种疫苗后的28天风险期内,研究人员观察到接种BNT162b2第一剂和第二剂后分别发现105例和115例心肌炎病例;接种mRNA-1273第一剂和第二剂后分别发现15例和60例心肌炎病例;

在16至24岁的年轻男性中,接种第二剂BNT162b2的心肌炎调整后IRR为5.31(95% CI,3.68-7.68),第二剂mRNA-1273的调整后IRR为13.83(95% CI,8.08-23.68)。相对于女性,年轻男性接种疫苗的收益率较低(图2);

在对比了各年龄段的IRR数据后,研究者发现,接种BNT162b2和mRNA-1273疫苗,年龄界于16至24岁的年轻男性,发生心肌炎的风险更高,并且第二剂的风险高于第一剂。

3. 风险期内,疫苗接种与心包炎发病关系

在28天风险期内,对于接种完第二针剂mRNA-1273且年龄界于16至24岁的男性,每100000名疫苗接种者中,共有7.39例心包炎事件发生量。男性心包炎的发生模式与心肌炎中发现情况相似,但整体IRR较低;心包炎在12至39岁的女性中很少见。

图2 接种疫苗28天内,按性别和年龄统计的心肌炎或心包炎发病数据(图源:[3])

上述研究表明,与未接种SARS-CoV-2 mRNA疫苗相比,接种SARS-CoV-2 mRNA疫苗后28天内心肌炎和心包炎的发病率更高。心肌炎和心包炎的发生风险在接种疫苗的前7天内最高,并且在第二剂后更为明显。第二剂mRNA-1273的心肌炎和心包炎发生风险最高,16至24岁的年轻男性风险最高。

题图来源:[4],仅用于学术交流。

参考资料:

[1]Husby A, Hansen JV, Fosb l E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and myocarditis or myopericarditis:population based cohort study[J].British Medical Journal,2021,375:e068665.

[2]https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/Articles/2022/02/09/12/56/Vaccine-Associated-Myocarditis-Risk-in-Context

[3]Karlstad, Hovi P, Husby A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Myocarditis in a Nordic Cohort Study of 23 Million Residents. JAMA Cardiol. 2022 Apr 20. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2022.0583. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35442390.

[4]https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/postings/2022/01/myocarditis-covid19.php

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    2022-04-28 huirong
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    2022-04-26 肿瘤克星

    JAMA上文章都是顶级的,谢谢梅斯及时上新

    0

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