阿尔兹海默病新突破!肝脏中的淀粉样蛋白会通过血液损害大脑

2021-09-22 Jessica 网络

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是最常见的,不可逆和进行性形式的痴呆症。《世界阿尔茨海默病2018年报告》显示,每3秒钟,全球就有1名痴呆病患者产生。

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是最常见的,不可逆和进行性形式的痴呆症。《世界阿尔茨海默病2018年报告》显示,每3秒钟,全球就有1名痴呆病患者产生。

 

目前,全球至少有5000万痴呆患者,预计到2050年,将达1.52亿,其中约60%-70%为阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者。

 

 

阿尔茨海默病在 20 世纪后期因大脑功能和记忆力的缓慢恶化而被广泛称为“漫长的告别”。然而,在 100 多年前,科学家阿洛伊斯·阿尔茨海默 (Alois Alzheimer) 首次在患有这种疾病的患者的大脑中发现了斑块。从那以后,阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)的特征性标志之一便是大脑中淀粉样β斑块的积聚。

 

虽然淀粉样蛋白-β(A-β)在大脑中的沉积是阿尔茨海默病的病理特征之一,并且在人类患者和该疾病的动物模型中都与神经变性有关。但A-β也存在于周边器官中,而且血液中的A-β水平与大脑淀粉样蛋白负担和认知能力下降相关。

 

那在其他器官中产生的淀粉样蛋白-β会导致老年痴呆吗?

 

近期,一项发表在《PLOS生物学》开放期刊上的一项新研究发现,肝脏中产生的β淀粉样蛋白在血液中通过脂蛋白被携带到大脑,从而导致大脑神经变性。该结果表明,肝脏可能在老年痴呆的发病或进展中发挥重要作用。

 

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001388

 

在该研究中,为了区分大脑和外周器官产生的A-β,研究员开发了一种只在肝细胞中产生人类A-β的小鼠。

 

实验表明,在小鼠体内,肝脏产生的A-β能够通过富含甘油三酯的脂蛋白通过血液进入大脑。A-β在大脑中的积累使实验小鼠出现了神经变性和脑萎缩,并伴随着神经血管炎症和脑毛细血管功能障碍,这些都是阿尔茨海默病的常见标志。

 

肝脏中产生的Aβ有助于大脑中与老年痴呆症疾病相关的病理变化

 

此外,受影响的小鼠在一项取决于海马体功能的学习测试中表现不佳,海马体是形成新记忆的重要大脑结构。

 

这项研究的结果表明,外周衍生的A-β有能力导致神经变性,并表明肝脏中产生的A-β是人类疾病的一个潜在贡献者。如果这种贡献是巨大的,那么这些发现可能对理解阿尔茨海默病有重大影响。

 

前面提到,肝脏产生的A-β能够通过富含甘油三酯的脂蛋白通过血液进入大脑。这也说明脂蛋白(核心成分是甘油三酯,周围包绕一层磷脂、胆固醇、蛋白质分子)在老年痴呆中也发挥了一定的作用。

 

对于脂蛋白,之前的一项研究发现中年时高水平的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL-C) 与十年后患痴呆症风险增加有关。研究结果显示,在65岁以下测量胆固醇的人中,LDL-C水平高于190mg/dL的人与水平低于100mg/dL的人相比,10多年后被诊断为痴呆症的风险高出约60%。

 

DOI:10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00150-1

 

迄今为止,该疾病的大多数模型都集中在大脑中过度生产A-β,这模拟了人类阿尔茨海默病的罕见遗传病例。但对于绝大多数的AD病例来说,大脑中A-β的过度生产被认为不是疾病病因的核心。相反,生活方式因素可能起着更重要的作用,包括高脂肪饮食,这可能加速肝脏产生A-β。

 

众所周知,有氧运动、健康饮食、不吸烟和限制饮酒是保持肝脏、血脑屏障和大脑健康的最重要的生活方式因素。因此,采用这种健康的生活方式可能会使肝脏、心血管和大脑功能在更长的时间内保持更敏锐。

 

Mamo补充说。“虽然现在需要进一步的研究,但这一发现表明,或许可以通过个人的饮食和一些专门针对脂蛋白淀粉样蛋白的药物来解决A-β在血液中的大量沉积,从而来降低患老年痴呆的风险或减缓阿尔茨海默病的进展。

 

 

痴呆症和阿尔茨海默病对个人和他们的亲人来说都是毁灭性的疾病,到目前为止,尚无治愈的方法,因此积极进行预防仍是关键。保护你的记忆和思维首先从保持合适水平的低密度脂蛋白开始!

 

参考文献:

1.Synthesis of human amyloid restricted to liver results in an Alzheimer disease–like neurodegenerative phenotype. PLOS Biology, 2021; 19 (9): e3001358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001358

2.Blood cholesterol and risk of dementia in more than 1·8 million people over two decades: a retrospective cohort study

 

 

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    2022-05-12 zxxiang
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    2021-09-22 jiazhoudexue

    那么,贝特类降脂药可不可以用于阿尔兹海默症的试验性治疗?

    0