《Nature》子刊:氨基酸代谢失调促胰岛素抵抗的分子机制

2022-07-29 复旦大学生物医学研究院 网络

研究首次揭示了氨基酸代谢失调也是T2D的致病风险因子,为干预二型糖尿病的进程提供了新靶点和策略。

2型糖尿病 (T2D)是21世纪增长最快的全球卫生事件之一,至2021年全球成年糖尿病患者人数达到5.37亿,且患病率以惊人的速度持续增长,到2045年这一数字将达到7.83亿。遗传、年龄等不可改变的因素在T2D的发病机制中产生部分影响。饮食等可干预的生活方式因素对糖尿病发生起着不可忽视的作用。高脂、高糖已知导致T2D的发生,蛋白质一般认为是“健康”食物。很多氨基酸被作为营养增强剂,含苯丙氨酸的二肽阿斯巴甜(代糖)也以“零卡”的旗号加入到可乐等饮料,试图通过降低糖的摄取防止T2D的发生。然而,众多研究发现代糖饮料可以在实验动物中诱发T2D症状,但机理不明。

但是,已有研究表明,红肉等高蛋白饮食与T2D的发病率升高显著相关。作为脂肪最主要成分的脂肪酸已被证明通过各种机制抑制胰岛素信号和葡萄糖摄取,进而导致胰岛素抵抗和T2D。而氨基酸在调节胰岛素和葡萄糖摄取方面的作用尚不清楚。关于中国、日本和欧洲人群的流调显示芳香族和支链氨基酸的上调与未来糖尿病的发生高度相关,但氨基酸水平失调是T2D的原因还是结果仍待探索。

2022年7月25日,复旦大学附属妇产科医院/代谢与整合生物学研究院赵世民教授和复旦大学生物医学研究院徐薇研究员团队在 Nature Communications 上发表了题为 Phenylalanine Impairs Insulin Signaling and Inhibits Glucose Uptake Through Modification of IRβ 的研究文章,报道了苯丙氨酸通过修饰 IRβ 致胰岛素抵抗的分子机制,并寻找到小分子抑制剂证实抑制这一修饰在激活胰岛素信号通路和干预二型糖尿病进程中的重要作用。

研究人员发现用添加芳香族氨基酸之一的苯丙氨酸 (Phenylalanine, Phe) 的饮食喂养小鼠,会显著诱导胰岛素抵抗和T2D的表型。同时,富含人工甜味剂阿斯巴甜(Aspartate,APM)饮食饲喂的小鼠也被发现类似的表型,阿斯巴甜在体内会分解为苯丙氨酸和天冬氨酸。胰岛素信号通路受损是导致胰岛素抵抗的重要原因,研究人员发现外源添加 Phe 会直接抑制细胞内的胰岛素信号通路转导以及葡萄糖吸收。那么作为代谢物 Phe 抑制胰岛素信号的机制是什么呢?

该团队之前的研究发现,氨基酸可修饰到靶蛋白的赖氨酸ε-氨基上形成氨基酰化修饰,而对应的氨酰- tRNA合成酶是氨基酸信号的感知蛋白。研究者发现苯丙氨酰tRNA合成酶(Phenylalanyl-tRNA Synthetase,FARS)也显著抑制细胞内胰岛素信号转导和葡萄糖摄取,FARS过表达的转基因小鼠表现出胰岛素抵抗和葡萄糖耐受不良。机制研究表明,FARS将Phe催化修饰到胰岛素信号通路最上游蛋白胰岛素受体β(Insulin Receptor β,IRβ)的1057和1079位赖氨酸上,形成苯丙氨酰化修饰(F-IRK1057、F-IRK1079),并抑制其激酶活性,损伤其下游信号转导,诱发胰岛素抵抗。鉴定到SIRT1是IRβ的去苯丙氨酰化修饰酶,抑制修饰水平并激活胰岛素信号。

进一步研究者在临床样本中验证了这一机制,证实 Phe 与 F-IRK1057、F-IRK1079 水平升高与人类T2D的发生风险呈正相关,而SIRT1蛋白水平则与之负相关。最后,研究者寻找到一小分子作为 Phe 结构类似物,可显著抑制F-IRK1057、F-IRK1079水平并恢复胰岛素信号转导,小分子抑制剂添加在饮食中干预 hFARSA转基因和 db/db 小鼠模型可有效逆转胰岛素抵抗和葡萄糖耐受不良。

综上,这一工作通过阐释苯丙氨酸修饰促二型糖尿病发生的具体分子机制,提出Phenylalanylation与已报道过的Phosphorylation、Myristylation、OGlcNAc-ylation等,作为营养过剩情况下细胞的另一种生化反应,在细胞内氨基酸丰富时提供了抑制过量摄取葡萄糖的保护机制。研究首次揭示了氨基酸代谢失调也是T2D的致病风险因子,为干预二型糖尿病的进程提供了新靶点和策略;同时,提示长期过度使用代糖添加剂对T2D发生有潜在的风险,对大众健康饮食具有指导意义。

赵世民课题组博士毕业生周倩(现复旦大学附属肿瘤医院助理研究员)和复旦大学附属华山医院内分泌科主治医师孙婉婉为该论文的共同第一作者;赵世民教授和徐薇研究员为该论文的共同通讯作者。

原文链接:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32000-0

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    2022-07-29 陈文志

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胰岛素抵抗(IR)是T2DM的一个特征,已被证明与动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的发生、发展和预后显著相关。

BMC Med:来自11个国家和地区的86,931名2型糖尿病患者的家族史和自我管理与确诊年龄和心脏代谢风险的联合关联

家族史(FamH)是二型糖尿病的一个强风险因素,证据是同卵双胞胎比异卵双胞胎的一致性率更高。