自发性颈脊髓硬膜外血肿1例

2018-12-24 王子平 付备刚 施小正 中国骨与关节损伤杂志

患者,女,74岁,因“突发性右侧颈、肩、臂区剧痛,右上肢瘫痪18h”入院。无外伤史,入院前日5时起床,做正常家务,9时起发现颈肩区疼痛,症状逐渐加剧,并放射至右上臂,无法耐受疼痛。

病例报道

患者,女,74岁,因“突发性右侧颈、肩、臂区剧痛,右上肢瘫痪18h”入院。无外伤史,入院前日5时起床,做正常家务,9时起发现颈肩区疼痛,症状逐渐加剧,并放射至右上臂,无法耐受疼痛。同时右上肢无力,不能抓、握及抬举。患者有高血压病史,否认有颈肩不适等慢性颈椎病病史。发病48h查体:头颈向右侧倾斜位,颈肩部压痛、叩击痛阳性;右上肢肌力0级,右下肢肌力2级,双下肢肌张力增强;温痛觉在左侧T2平面以下减弱;右下肢Gordon征阳性,BobinKi征阳性。发病72h后四肢瘫痪,MRI显示C3~6硬膜外T1混合信号、T2低信号。诊断为颈脊髓压迫症、颈椎管内硬膜外血肿。于发病后80h在全身麻醉下行颈椎后路C2~6全椎板减压、硬膜外血肿清除、C2~6椎体侧块螺钉固定术。术中见C2~7椎管后侧中线偏右硬膜外有一黑色圆柱状血凝块(7.0CM×1.2CM×1.2CM),脊髓被推向左侧,血肿占椎管2/3,清除血肿后见C2椎体下缘右侧通向椎间孔方向有一4mm长凝血块,考虑为C2右侧后根血管破裂,形成颈脊髓硬膜外血肿。术后6个月随访时右上肢肌力4级,其余四肢肌力5级,可正常行走,生活自理。

讨论

自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿发病率低,大多为椎管内静脉丛、动脉、血管畸形、血管瘤破裂导致。不少患者存在血液系统疾病,而高血压、动脉硬化、胸腹腔压力增高可诱发出血及血肿形成。本例有高血压病史,晨起后发病,符合发病特点,而且病情发展快,发病60h后发展成高位截瘫、尿潴留。根据发病特点和脊髓功能障碍定位体征,大多能得出脊髓压迫症(脊髓出血性疾病)诊断及确认脊髓节段压迫部位。

本例发病后24h即表现出颈脊髓部位同侧肢体瘫痪、对侧温痛觉下降的Brown-Sequard综合征典型表现。确诊及血肿大小范围的客观检查主要依靠MRI,本例发病72h后MRIT2表现为低信号,符合血肿形成的影像学表现。临床中若发现冠状支架术后(<6周)不能进行MRI检查,但高度怀疑椎管内血肿压迫者应及时行CT增强扫描,出现椎管内高密度的增高影可明确诊断。

自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿患者出现的脊髓损伤是由血肿压迫导致的继发性损伤,如果血肿形成快、体积大、肢体瘫痪发生得早,诊断明确后应立即手术治疗,椎板减压及血肿清除术是治疗该疾病的金标准,而且患者神经系统功能恢复与减压及血肿清除的时间密切相关。笔者曾进行兔脊髓撞击压迫性损伤减压价值的实验研究,对兔L1节段造成脊髓不全损伤,并使椎管狭窄>50%,实验结果发现12h内减压者脊髓功能基本恢复,3d后减压则功能大部分丧失。本例在症状发生后80h完成减压及血肿清除,术后6个月随访时四肢功能恢复满意。

原始出处:

王子平;付备刚;施小正;自发性颈脊髓硬膜外血肿1例;《中国骨与关节损伤杂志》2018年第11期

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    2019-05-11 zxxiang
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    2018-12-26 sodoo

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自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿1例

患者,女,63岁,因突发双下肢麻木伴乏力14h余入院。主诉:在家弯腰洗衣服时突感胸腰背部疼痛,双下肢麻木、无力,不能站立及行走,无昏迷、恶心及低热、盗汗等伴随症状。急至当地医院行胸椎X线及CT检查,未见明显异常,予以局部康复理疗后未见好转,且症状逐渐加重。我院门诊以“不全瘫”收住我科。患病以来,患者精神尚可,大、小便未解。