Nature:首次证实,线粒体中的tRNA修饰,促进癌症转移扩散

2022-06-30 王聪 “生物世界”公众号

由于线粒体在能量稳态中的重要作用,因此,线粒体基因突变会导致多种疾病发生,包括发育障碍、神经肌肉疾病、癌症进展等等。

线粒体(mitochondrion),是细胞的“能量工厂”,线粒体内有一套独立于细胞核的遗传物质——线粒体DNA(mtDNA),人类 mtDNA 的长度为16569bp,拥有37个基因,编码13种蛋白,这些蛋白都参与细胞的能量代谢。

由于线粒体在能量稳态中的重要作用,因此,线粒体基因突变会导致多种疾病发生,包括发育障碍、神经肌肉疾病、癌症进展等等。

2022年6月29日,德国癌症研究中心的研究人员在国际顶尖学术期刊 Nature 上发表了题为:Mitochondrial RNA modifications shape metabolic plasticity in metastasis 的研究论文。

该研究表明,甲基转移酶 NSUN3介导的线粒体 tRNA 的 m5C 修饰,能够通过促进线粒体呼吸链的蛋白质合成来增强能量供应,从而促进癌细胞的侵袭和扩散转移。当阻断 NSUN3 酶,或使用抗生素抑制线粒体蛋白质合成,癌细胞的侵袭和转移能力显着下降。

在侵袭性肿瘤中,癌细胞不断向周围组织侵袭,并试图在其他组织和器官中形成新的肿瘤。在这个过程中,癌细胞必须在氧气不足或营养不足等不利条件下生存。为了克服这些压力因素,癌细胞会相应地调整它们的能量产生方式。

Michaela Frye

然而,到目前为止,人们对癌细胞的这种灵活调整能量产生方式的分子机制知之甚少。该论文的通讯作者 Michaela Frye 表示,这种代谢可塑性很可能是癌细胞成功扩散的关键。

线粒体(Mitochondria)是微小的、被膜包裹的细胞器,也被称为我们体内每个细胞的发电厂。线粒体通过位于其内膜上的呼吸链产生能量,由于线粒体含有自己的一套遗传物质——线粒体DNA(mtDNA),因此能够通过 mtDNA 合成呼吸链的关键蛋白成分。

在这项最新研究中,Michaela Frye 团队发现,呼吸链成分的产生受到线粒体中特定机制的严格调控,而这对癌细胞的转移扩散有影响。在 mRNA 翻译合成蛋白质的过程中,tRNA 负责将对应的氨基酸转运至核糖体上合成多肽链。研究团队发现,在转移过程中,tRNA 修饰通过支持蛋白质的生产来调控转移,也就是是,tRNA 修饰是这种癌症转移调控机制的一部分。

癌细胞的侵袭实际上是一个非常消耗能量的过程,研究团队发现,线粒体 tRNA 的一种特定的甲基化修饰——m5C(5甲基胞嘧啶),是癌细胞的侵袭和转移过程中所必需的。m5C 修饰加速了线粒体中的蛋白质合成,增强了呼吸链成分的产生。从而帮助癌细胞产生更多的能力供给侵袭和转移过程中的消耗。

研究团队发现,缺乏线粒体 tRNA 的 m5C 修饰的癌细胞,通过糖酵解的方式低效产生能量,转移能力有效。而原发性肿瘤中的癌细胞的活力和生长不受 m5C 修饰的影响,这进一步证实了线粒体 tRNA 的 m5C 修饰是作用于癌细胞的侵袭和转移。

甲基转移酶 NSUN3,负责 m5C RNA 修饰,研究团队发现,使用 RNAi(shRNA)抑制 NSUN3 酶表达时,线粒体 tRNA 的 m5C 修饰显着降低,且癌细胞的侵袭和转移减少。

癌细胞的转移需要线粒体 tRNA 的 m5C 修饰

研究团队进一步发现,NSUN3 酶的高表达和 m5C 修饰的升高,可以预测头颈癌患者的淋巴结转移和更严重的疾病进展。这提示了我们,NSUN3 酶具有作为转移性癌症的生物标志物的潜力。

有些抗生素(例如氯霉素、强力霉素)能够特异性抑制线粒体蛋白的产生,而不影响细胞质中的蛋白质。研究团队发现,使用氯霉素或强力霉素治疗,可以减少癌细胞的侵袭和转移,还减少了小鼠模型中淋巴结转移的数量。

使用抗生素抑制线粒体蛋白质合成,可抑制细胞转移

最后,通讯作者 Michaela Frye 表示,之前有研究探索了线粒体 RNA 修饰在代谢疾病中的重要作用,而这项研究首次证明线粒体 tRNA 修饰与癌症的侵袭和转移存在直接关联。抑制负责 RNA m5C 修饰的 NSUN3 酶可能是一种有前景的阻断癌症转移的方法,当然,还需要进一步研究确认通过这种方式阻断线粒体蛋白质合成是否存在长期副作用。

 

原始出处:

Delaunay, S., Pascual, G., Feng, B. et al. Mitochondrial RNA modifications shape metabolic plasticity in metastasis. Nature (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04898-5.

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    2023-05-03 liye789132251
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    2022-08-08 drj2003
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    2022-07-02 liao1622
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    2022-07-02 zhangyxzsh

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