Cell子刊:江鹏团队报道 I 型干扰素调控唐氏综合症和阿尔茨海默病中小胶质细胞的新机制

2022-07-29 brainnew神内神外 网络

抑制 IFNAR 表达可改善 DS 小胶质细胞在脑发育中的功能,同时可以减缓病理性tau 蛋白引起的小胶质细胞严重营养不良和衰老的病态表型。

 

○本文来源:Brainnews

小胶质细胞在大脑发育和阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 的病因学中至关重要。小胶质参与维持大脑环境的稳态和神经元突触重塑,从而调节突触可塑性以及学习和记忆。此外,小胶质细胞功能障碍是AD 病因学的中心机制,许多 AD 风险基因在小胶质细胞里高度表达,有些风险只在小胶质细胞表达。因此,以小胶质细胞为治疗靶点在改善唐氏综合症 (DS) 的大脑发育和治疗AD方面具有巨大潜力。然而,小胶质细胞对DS的大脑发育和患有AD的DS病人中 (以下称为 DSAD) 的确切作用以及潜在的分子机制知之甚少,这阻碍了治疗的开发。

DS是由人类 21号染色体三倍体 (Hsa21) 引起。多出的一条Hsa21导致大脑发育异常且早发,高发AD。可是到底多出的Hsa21对 DS 大脑发育过程中对小胶质细胞功能起到如何影响呢?另外,DS 和AD之间的关联主要是由于淀粉样前体蛋白 (APP) 的过表达,其基因位于 Hsa21上。DS人群中β-淀粉样蛋白 (A) 的聚集很早,有文献表明在儿童时期就已经开始。到 35-40 岁时,在DS病人的海马中就观察到显著 tau 的病理变化。虽然公认β-淀粉样蛋白 (A) 的聚集先于 tau 的聚集,近来的研究发现 tau 蛋白过度磷酸化 (p-tau)和聚集在AD人脑中出现的时间比以前认为的要早得多。例如海马脑区,表现出少量和相对较晚的出现A 累积, 同时p-tau 从AD早期就开始积累。此外,AD和 DSAD人脑组织病理学分析和小鼠模型分析得来的结论常常有悖。比如,与淀粉样蛋白小鼠模型中报道的小胶质细胞显著活化相反,在 AD 患者的脑组织中,尤其是与AD 发展特别相关的海马区域,p-tau 阳性的退化神经元结构总是与严重营养不良(dystrophic)和衰老 (senescent) 的而不是活化的小胶质细胞共定位。在 DSAD 中,小胶质细胞表型随年龄和AD病理而变化,营养不良和老化状态小胶质细胞数量变多。因此,在某些重要的大脑区域,p-tau 相对于 A 斑块的优先积累可能会诱导不同的小胶质细胞反应。这些反应可能不仅仅只是激活和炎症。另外多出Hsa21上的基因在这个小胶质变化过程中又起什么样的作用呢?

2022年7月7日,罗格斯大学江鹏研究团队在Cell Stem Cell上发表了Type-I-interferon signaling drives microglial dysfunction and senescence in human iPSC models of Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease论文,利用人诱导多能干细胞 (human iPSC) 的大脑类器官和嵌合鼠模型,揭示了Hsa21 编码的 I 型干扰素受体 (IFNAR)在DS大脑发育过程和对病理性 tau 的反应中发挥重要作用,靶向敲减IFNARs可以改善DS小胶质细胞异常功能并且防止其衰老。体内研究证据为研究小胶质细胞的衰老提供了一个新的模型,这有助于阐明其衰老机制并且提供治疗靶点。

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DS 小胶质细胞在大脑类器官、人脑组织和小胶质细胞嵌合鼠中发育异常

首先,研究者使用本实验室新开发的含有小胶质细胞的大脑类器官模型来检查 DS 小胶质细胞的功能。使用超分辨率成像技术分析了小胶质细胞的突触修剪功能,研究者发现DS 小胶质细胞具有增强的突触修剪功能。这一结果在来自DS病人海马组织切片中得到证实。由于在大脑类器官中,小胶质细胞的形态相对简单,并且不会像在体内那样表现出高度分枝的复杂形态,因此,研究者进一步利用了小胶质细胞嵌合鼠模型作更进一步的研究。同样的,在DS小胶质细胞嵌合鼠模型中,研究者发现与正常对照组的小胶质细胞相比,DS 小胶质细胞不仅表现出过度的突触修剪,而且还表现出简单的细胞形态。研究者还利用这个模型记录了兴奋性突触后电流 (mEPSC) and突触长时程增强(LTP)以检测DS小胶质细胞对神经突触传递和可塑性的影响,他们发现DS 小胶质细胞的过度突触修剪可以导致神经元的突触传递和可塑性受损。

抑制 IFNAR 的表达可改善 DS 小胶质细胞功能障碍

研究者利用不同的检测技术在基因和蛋白水平,得出DS 小胶质细胞中存在 IFNAR 的过表达的结论。因此,他们假设 DS 小胶质细胞中 IFNAR 的过度表达可能是其发育和功能改变的原因。随后研究者利用RNAi 敲减方法,抑制DS IFNARs 的表达,他们发现这样不仅改善了 DS 小胶质细胞的形态,同时降低了他们的突触修剪功能。同时,利用电生理相关技术,研究者还证实了抑制 DS 小胶质细胞中 IFNARs 的过度表达,可以部分改善DS 小胶质细胞的突触修剪功能升高导致的嵌合小鼠海马的神经传递和突触可塑性受损。

病理性 tau 可以加速DS嵌合鼠中的小胶质细胞的衰老

接下来,研究者尝试探索是否可以通过DS小胶质细胞嵌合鼠模型模拟小胶质细胞的衰老过程。首先,作者从DSAD和健康 (Cont)人脑中提取出可溶性的tau。他们把这些可溶性的tau立体定位注射到两个月左右的嵌合鼠海马。在注射tau两个月后,他们首先从嵌合鼠脑中分离DS小胶质细胞,然后通过单细胞 RNA 测序 (scRNA-seq) 分析发现:和cont tau 组相比,DSAD tau 促进DS 小胶质细胞的衰老,和疾病相关的小胶质细胞基因表达也增强。由此说明,DS小胶质细胞嵌合鼠模型可以用于研究小胶质细胞衰老,有趣的是,他们还发现在DSAD tau 组中 DS 小胶质细胞亚群细胞衰老的增加在很大程度上与升高的 I 型干扰素(IFN)信号通路相关基因表达重叠,这表明病理性 tau 可能通过提高 I 型 IFN 信号通路来诱导 DS 小胶质细胞的衰老

抑制小胶质细胞 IFNARs 可挽救病理性 tau 诱导的DS小胶质细胞衰老

为了进一步证实通过scRNA-seq发现的DSAD tau可以诱导DS小胶质细胞衰老,研究者首先比较了 Cont tau 和 DSAD tau 组中DS 小胶质细胞的形态,因为营养不良的形态是衰老小胶质细胞的一个突出特征。他们发现DSAD tau 组中的DS 小胶质细胞,表现出营养不良的形态,例如具有缩短的过程和碎裂的珠粒状,但在 Cont tau 组中极少见到。同时,他们发现在接受 DSAD tau 注射的相同嵌合鼠大脑中,小鼠小胶质细胞表现出肥大的形态,例如分支缩短、分支数量减少等特点,而不是营养不良的形态。这表明,小鼠小胶质细胞可能会产生与人类小胶质细胞不同的反应。同时,他们还发现,和小胶质细胞衰老密切相关的铁蛋白染色在DSAD tau组明显增加。通过scRNA-seq 的分析,他们猜测升高的 I 型 IFN 信号很有可能介导病理性 tau 诱导的DS小胶质细胞的衰老。同样地,利用RNAi 敲减方法,抑制DS IFNARs 的表达,研究者发现, DS 小胶质细胞的形态在DSAD tau注射后显示出较少的碎片化过程。此外,在DS小胶质细胞中铁蛋白染色在也明显减少。总之,这些结果表明,在 DSAD tau 注射后,抑制 DS 小胶质细胞中 IFNARs 的表达可以改善其衰老。

综上所述,本研究通过利用含有小胶质细胞的人干细胞大脑类器官和人鼠细胞嵌合脑模型,证实了抑制 IFNAR 表达可改善 DS 小胶质细胞在脑发育中的功能,同时可以减缓病理性tau 蛋白引起的小胶质细胞严重营养不良和衰老的病态表型。

Peng Jiang研究团队和以下实验室合作完成了此项研究:来自罗格斯大学的Ronald Hart, Zhiping Pang, Kelvin Kwan, 和Ping Xie 团队, 来自加州大学尔湾分校的Elizabeth Head团队,以及来自Florida International University的Ying Liu 团队。

原文链接:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2022.06.007

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    2022-10-07 维他命
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