三阴性乳腺癌 何时才能产出里程碑式治疗药物?

2021-04-10 新浪医药新闻 新浪医药新闻

乳腺癌,是女性第一大癌,约占所有新发癌症病例的12%,占女性所有类型癌症的25%。其中,三阴性乳腺癌凶险度极高,除常规化学疗法和放射疗法外,尚无具里程碑式的突破性疗法,临床急需更为有效的一线治疗药物。

乳腺癌,是女性第一大癌,约占所有新发癌症病例的12%,占女性所有类型癌症的25%。其中,三阴性乳腺癌凶险度极高,除常规化学疗法和放射疗法外,尚无具里程碑式的突破性疗法,临床急需更为有效的一线治疗药物。

1、三阴性乳腺癌介绍

三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC),是指雌激素受体、孕激素受体和人表皮生长因子受体2均为阴性的乳腺癌亚型。TNBC占乳腺癌的12%~17%,组织类型以浸润性导管癌为主,内在分型以基底细胞样型为主,基底样型TNBC较非基底样型TNBC的异质性及异型性更高。

分子学分类包括基底细胞样1型和2型、免疫调节型、间充质干细胞样型、间质型和管腔雄激素受体型,另BRCA1突变患者更易发病。TNBC患者1~3年内转移及复发风险高,且多数死亡在治疗后的第1个5年内。

目前,化疗仍是TNBC最主要的治疗方法,手术治疗仍是局部控制TNBC的最佳方法,放射治疗也是局部控制TNBC的治疗方法且能减少局部控制差而导致的远处转移。本文将着重介绍药物治疗进展。

2、TNBC一线治疗手段:化疗

通过查询最新版NCCN、CSCO相关指南,对于TNBC的一线治疗手段,仍为化疗,尚未有明确的靶向治疗药物被一线推荐;而化疗又可以分为新辅助化疗和辅助化疗。

新辅助化疗

TNBC很大程度受益于首次治疗。TNBC新辅助化疗对以蒽环类和紫杉类为基础的联合化疗方案敏感,治疗后的pCR率为30%~40%,且3年和5年总生存率分别为77.7%、59.1%。而当TNBC患者携带BRCA1突变时,对化疗药物更敏感,蒽环类和紫杉类化疗方案中如果添加铂类药物会提高疗效。PS:蒽环类药物会引起不可逆的心脏不良反应,紫衫类会引起获得性耐药。

辅助化疗

蒽环类和紫杉类联合治疗既能减少蒽环类的心脏不良反应又能降低紫杉类的获得性耐药,然而晚期患者对蒽环类和紫杉类已出现耐药造成两个药物疗效有限。通过提高剂量以提升疗效和改善预后,会增加不良反应且不能改善生存。同样,一线治疗增加铂类药物,尤其是顺铂,可明显增强在一线治疗转移性TNBC中的有效性。复发或转移性TNBC全身化疗第1个5年生存率不足30%,ESMO和ASCO指南建议序贯化疗,除了存在危及生命或疾病迅速进展,目前卡培他滨的疗效得到证实。2016年ASCO大会中报道了FinXX临床试验中位随访时间更长(10.3年),结果同样证实了含卡培他滨方案对TNBC患者具有持续的生存优势。

3、TNBC的靶向治疗药物进展

当前,FDA尚未批准任何靶向药物用于TNBC的一线治疗,靶向治疗中临床试验证实较多的是PARP抑制剂。

PARP抑制剂既能提高肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性,又能阻止PARP修复损伤的DNA,继而促进携带BRCA1突变患者的肿瘤细胞死亡。PrECOG0105临床试验中,吉西他滨联合卡铂和Iniparib(PARP抑制剂)治疗TNBC和BRCA1/2突变相关乳腺癌,结果显示pCR率为36%,而且证实了HRD对新辅助化疗pCR率的预测功能。然而存在质疑的是具体为铂类药物还是PARP抑制剂发挥的治疗功能,无法辨别。

一项针对BRCA1和BRCA2突变的进展期乳腺癌的临床试验,患者口服Olaparib(PARP抑制剂)随机分为高剂量组(每次400mg,每日2次)和低剂量组(每次100mg,每日2次),结果显示,两组患者的总缓解率分别为41%、22%,显示了PARP单药治疗TNBC和BRCA1/2突变相关乳腺癌的功能。

4、TNBC的免疫治疗药物进展

PD-L1/PD-1抑制剂,自然也是当前相关于TNBC研究的热点,尤其是PD-L1,虽不在指南一线用药推荐,但也已进入到指南当中。

TNBC有更高的PD-L1表达,其表达水平和肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞相关而且结合其受体PD-1来参与调节免疫耐受。如PD-1抗体Pembrolizumab和PD-L1抗体Atezolizumab治疗TNBC的总反应率约为20%;一项针对TNBC进展期PD-L1阳性的患者被PD-1抗体Pembrolizumab治疗,试验结果显示缓解率为18.5%(5/27),稳定率为25.9%。

2016年ASCO大会上还报道了PD-L1抗体Atezolizumab联合白蛋白结合型紫杉醇治疗既往未超过三线治疗的TNBC临床试验,中位随访5.21个月,结果显示总反应率为71%。最常见的治疗相关不良反应为中性粒细胞减少。这是首次将免疫治疗和化学治疗结合验证TNBC的治疗效果,意义重大,并证实了两者结合可以大大提高TNBC的疗效。

5、小结

综上,即为TNBC在药物治疗方面的现状。化疗药物当下仍为临床治疗的一线用药,其特殊的病理特点大大限制了其靶向治疗的可行性,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂已经开始呈现一定的疗效。但,TNBC尚未获得突破性的治疗,临床需求和临床问题亟待解决,适应症市场更是值得药物研发公司的大力投入,总体来说,未来可期。

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    2022-02-26 xzw113
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    2021-05-27 木马🎠

    三阴乳腺癌太棘手了

    0

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    2021-04-11 xlysu
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    2021-04-10 jyzxjiangqin

    好文章!

    0

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