Nature Genetics:新冠很大谜团之一被解开,为何感染新冠后出现嗅觉味觉失灵?

2022-01-18 王聪 “ 生物世界”公众号

嗅觉丧失或味觉丧失,是新冠感染后的独特症状,也是感染急性期最早出现和最常报告的症状之一。与其他病毒感染不同的是,新冠感染后,嗅觉或味觉丧失是突然发生的,而且没有鼻粘膜阻塞。

嗅觉丧失或味觉丧失,是新冠感染后的独特症状,也是感染急性期最早出现和最常报告的症状之一。与其他病毒感染不同的是,新冠感染后,嗅觉或味觉丧失是突然发生的,而且没有鼻粘膜阻塞。

虽然很大一部分新冠感染者会出现嗅觉或味觉丧失,但也有相当一部分感染者不会出现这两种症状,其背后潜在的机制也尚不清楚。

2022年1月17日,美国 23andMe 公司的研究团队在 Nature 子刊 Nature Genetics 上发表了题为:The UGT2A1/UGT2A2 locus is associated with COVID-19-related loss of smell or taste 的研究论文。

该研究揭示了感染新冠肺炎后个体是否易产生味觉或嗅觉丧失症状的遗传风险因素。这一基因座(位于 UGT2A1 和 UGT2A2 这两个基因附近)与感染新冠病毒后产生任一症状的几率升高11%有关。

在这项研究中,研究团队收集了超过100万的 23andMe 公司的研究参与者的自我报告数据。其中有69841名18岁以上的新冠检测呈阳性,他们报告了自己感染新冠后的症状。其中68%的人出现了嗅觉或味觉丧失,女性出现的概率高于男性(女性72%,男性61%),且年轻人出现的概率更高,出现嗅觉或味觉丧失的人平均年龄41岁,而没有出现这种症状的人平均年龄45岁。此外,东亚和非遗美国人感染新冠后出现嗅觉或味觉丧失的风险显着低于欧美人。

将感染新冠后出现的症状与感冒或流感样疾病的症状对比,嗅觉或味觉丧失是二者差别最明显的症状

新冠与其他感冒或流感样疾病的症状对比

然后研究团队对其中进行了全基因组关联研究(GWAS),并与那些感染新冠但未出现嗅觉或味觉丧失的人进行对比。

研究团队在4号染色体上的 UGT2A1 和 UGT2A2 基因附近鉴定到了一个重要单核苷酸多态性位点——rs7688383,该位点 C to T 的突变,使个体感染新冠病毒后失去嗅觉或味觉的可能性上升了11%。

 

UGT2A2 是 UGT2A1 的较短转录本,这两个基因都在鼻子内的嗅觉上皮细胞中表达,并在气味代谢中发挥作用。它们产生的酶参与消除那些与嗅觉侦测有关受体结合的气味分子。

这一发现为新冠肺炎相关的嗅觉或味觉丧失背后的生物机制提供了线索。不过研究团队还表示,虽然该研究样本量很大,但研究结果可能偏向拥有欧洲祖先的个体。而且该研究中没有嗅觉丧失和味觉丧失,患者主动上报时将这两个症状合并为一个症状。

原始出处:

Shelton, J.F., Shastri, A.J., Fletez-Brant, K. et al. The UGT2A1/UGT2A2 locus is associated with COVID-19-related loss of smell or taste. Nat Genet (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-021-00986-w.

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    2022-05-01 liye789132251
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    2022-07-12 canlab
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    2022-08-26 huperzia

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