衰老的“元凶”找到了!Cell子刊:增加蛋白质合成的保真性可延长寿命

2021-10-15 生物探索 生物探索

目前,人们对生物衰老和疾病的研究层出不穷,但多数聚焦在DNA突变上,而对翻译错误的作用的研究和理解要少很多。实际上,蛋白质的翻译错误是基因表达中最容易出现的错误,其频率是DNA突变的成千上万倍。

目前,人们对生物衰老和疾病的研究层出不穷,但多数聚焦在DNA突变上,而对翻译错误的作用的研究和理解要少很多。实际上,蛋白质的翻译错误是基因表达中最容易出现的错误,其频率是DNA突变的成千上万倍。

蛋白质内稳态失衡是老化和年龄相关疾病的一个关键因素,翻译是其关键决定因素之一。因此,在生物衰老的背景下,提高对翻译错误的生物学影响的理解是非常必要的。然而,翻译错误很少在多细胞生物生理学的背景下进行研究。此外,如何调节蛋白质合成的保真度来增加多细胞生物的寿命仍为不解之谜。

2021914日,英国伦敦大学学院Ivana BjedovFilipe Cabreiro等研究人员合作在《细胞代谢》杂志上在线发表了题为“Increased fidelity of protein synthesis extends lifespan”的文章,揭示了增加蛋白质合成的保真性可延长寿命。

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DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.017

蛋白翻译保真度由核糖体解码中心决定,其中RPS23蛋白对翻译准确性起着重要的作用,因为它在结构域关闭和将氨基酰tRNA插入肽基转移酶中心等过程中不可或缺。因此,研究人员使用不同的数据库对从古细菌到真核生物的RPS23进行了广泛的无偏性系统发育分析,发现RPS23核糖体的KQPNSA区域有一个赖氨酸残基非常保守,但存在赖氨酸(K)到精氨酸(R)的替换,为了研究这种单位点改变与翻译准确性之间的联系,研究人员使用CRISPR/Cas9在果蝇RPS23KQPNSA区域引入了一个K60R突变。

实验结果显示,与对照组相比,RPS23 K60R果蝇的翻译准确率有所提高。在对照组果蝇的衰老过程中,这种位点突变的错误显著增加,但野生型和RPS23 K60R突变体之间的翻译水平没有变化。这些发现表明,翻译干预可以在不影响全局翻译的情况下提高准确性,而在多细胞后生动物中,由进化自然选择的唯一超精确突变不会损害整体翻译。

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核糖体解码中心的RPS23中的突变在果蝇中提高翻译准确性

随后,研究团队在酵母、蠕虫和苍蝇中探讨了这种突变的生理后果。因为错误的氨基酸的加入,特别是在蛋白质的催化位点可能会导致有害的后果,蛋白质的错误会增加折叠或蛋白质降解所需的额外能量。而事实上,研究人员在实验中观察到,RPS23 K60R突变显著提高了酵母、蠕虫和苍蝇在热胁迫下的存活率,反映了它们提高的蛋白质抑制能力,并且RPS23 K60R突变体在酵母、蠕虫和苍蝇中具表现出了发育迟缓性。

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RPS23 K60R突变体表现出耐热性和发育延迟

最后,研究人员提出了提高翻译保真度是否可以促进单细胞和多细胞生物的寿命延长的问题。重复检测中发现,在酵母、蠕虫和苍蝇中观察到RPS23 K60R突变体的寿命延长。这种单点突变介导的寿命延长为9%-23%。而使用负向地理趋向性或攀爬试验测量了老化过程中苍蝇的健康状况的数据显示,随着时间的推移,不断攀升的产能整体下降,但与对照组相比,RPS23 K60R果蝇的爬升有所改善,表明突变体在衰老过程中更健康。

此外,研究人员表明,抗衰老药物如雷帕霉素、Torin1和曲美替尼能减少翻译错误,雷帕霉素能进一步延长RPS23超精确突变体的生物体寿命。这意味着不同的药理抗衰老疗法有统一的作用模式。

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实验机制图

总之,本篇文章对核糖体解码中心的关键蛋白RPS23进行系统发育分析,并引入真核生物RPS23同源物,这种突变在酵母、蠕虫和苍蝇中导致了准确的翻译,以及热休克抗性和更长的寿命。这些发现为寻找新的翻译准确性干预措施以改善衰老铺平了道路。

参考资料:

[1]https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(21)00417-4

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    2021-10-16 lemo003

    新知识

    0

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    2021-10-16 1207866fm50(暂无昵称)

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