SCI TRANSL MED :嗜睡者脑脊髓液中一物质似安眠药

2012-11-23 科学—转化医学 科学—转化医学

来自埃默里大学医学院的研究人员发现数十名对睡眠具有高需求的成年人脑脊髓液中有一种物质能像安眠药一样起作用。研究结果在线发表在11月21日的《科学—转化医学》(Science Translational Medicine)杂志上。 这一患者群的一些成员似乎患有一种称作“原发性嗜睡症”的独特的令人丧失能力的睡眠紊乱疾病,其不同于众所周知的睡眠呼吸暂停综合症(sleep apnea)或发作性睡

来自埃默里大学医学院的研究人员发现数十名对睡眠具有高需求的成年人脑脊髓液中有一种物质能像安眠药一样起作用。研究结果在线发表在11月21日的《科学—转化医学》(Science Translational Medicine)杂志上。
 
这一患者群的一些成员似乎患有一种称作“原发性嗜睡症”的独特的令人丧失能力的睡眠紊乱疾病,其不同于众所周知的睡眠呼吸暂停综合症(sleep apnea)或发作性睡眠症(narcolepsy)等疾病。他们每周的睡眠时间常常超过70个小时,有觉醒困难。当醒着的时候,他们的反应时间跟彻夜不眠的人相当。嗜睡常常干扰他们的工作或学习,诸如兴奋剂等传统治疗无法缓解。
 
论文的主要作者、埃默里大学医学院神经病学教授、埃默里医疗保健睡眠项目研究主任David Rye博士说:“这些人报告说他们感觉好像在云雾中行走,头脑不清醒。当我们遇到过度嗜睡的患者时,我们通常会认为是由于大脑觉醒系统损伤所致,可采用兴奋剂药物治疗。然而,在这些患者中这种情况更像是试图驱动一辆启动了刹车的汽车。我们的思维需要从推动加速器转变到松开刹车上。”
 
在一项针对7名接受兴奋剂治疗仍然嗜睡超过普通睡眠量的患者的临床研究中,埃默里大学的研究人员证实用氟马西尼(flumazenil)治疗可以让患者恢复清醒,尽管对于7名患者的疗效并不一致。患者的清醒程度是研究人员是通过精神运动警觉试验(the Psychomotor Vigilance Test)测试反应时间而获得评估的。
 
氟马西尼通常在过量服用苯二氮卓类药物的情况下使用。苯二氮卓类药物是一类广泛应用的麻醉药和镇静药例如地西泮(安定)和唑吡坦。论文中的数据表明患者脑脊液中的睡眠诱导物质不是一种苯二氮卓类药物。鉴别这种似乎是由机体产生的神秘的“somnogen”能够帮助科学家们更好地了解我们的大脑调控清醒和睡眠等意识状态的机制。
 
“原发性嗜睡症令人丧失能力,且目前对其所知甚少。这项研究是一个突破,确定了这些疾病的病因并设计了一种合理的治疗方法。还需要进一步地研究确定这些结果是否能应用于大多数患者,”美国国立卫生研究院下属国家神经疾病和中风研究所项目主任Merrill Mitler博士说。
 
研究论文描述了患者的脑脊液(CSF)中包含的一种物质对于大脑化合物γ-氨基丁胺(GABA)的影响。GABA是神经系统重要的抑制性化合物之一。酒精、巴比妥盐和苯二氮卓类都可以促进GABA的效应。在实验室中,相比于对照人群对这些过度睡眠患者GABA受体功能的影响要大两倍。
 
尽管目前对于论文中鉴别的这种GABA促进物质还不了解,Rye和埃默里大学麻醉学助理教授Andrew Jenkins正在设计相应的策略来抑制它。基于它的大小以及对于某些酶的敏感性,它可能是与催产素或hypocretin激素相似的一种肽。Jenkins和同事们也证实这种睡眠诱导物质可以对GABA受体起作用,但是对苯二氮卓类不敏感。
 
“此前的研究表明氟马西尼对于大多数人没有促清醒效应,因此它的这种使让这些极度嗜睡的患者亚群的警觉正常化的能力似乎真的是新颖的,”Rye说。

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    2013-05-28 bsmagic9140
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