洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀......他汀类降脂药物最全总结!

2022-06-26 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

一文理清,不再纠结!

近年来,我国成人的血脂异常患病率和患病人数明显增加。2010至2013年的中国居民营养与健康状况监测研究显示,我国≥18岁人群血脂异常患病率高达40.4%

众所周知,血脂异常是血清中胆固醇和(或)三酰甘油水平升高,俗称高血脂症。血脂异常也泛指包括低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)升高、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)降低等在内的各种血脂异常。此外,血脂异常是心血管系统疾病的重要危险因素之一

「他汀」作为降脂治疗的首选药物,应用已久,不仅能抑制胆固醇的生成,降血脂,还能改善血管内皮功能、抗炎、抗动脉硬化,甚至可以降低冠心病和脑卒中事件的发生。然而,他汀类药物种类繁多,不同药物之间有何差异?

1、他汀类药物的降脂强度

尽管不同种类和剂量的他汀类药物降胆固醇幅度有较大差别,但任何一种他汀药物使用剂量倍增时,LDL-C进一步降低幅度仅约6%

图片图:不同作用强度的他汀类药物种类及剂量

2、常用他汀类药物服药时间

临床常用的他汀类药物有洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、氟伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀和匹伐他汀。他汀类药物的主要作用原理是抑制胆固醇的合成,由于胆固醇的合成过程在夜间00:00~02:00达到高峰。因此,一般建议晚上服用。值得注意的是,阿托伐他汀和瑞舒伐他汀半衰期长,可任意时间服用

图片图:常用他汀类药物适应症和服药时间

3、他汀的联合用药

洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀通过CYP3A4进行代谢,在与其他药物合用时,应慎重!比如辛伐他汀与环抱素、红霉素、吉非贝齐、烟酸、胺碘酮、维拉帕米、地尔硫罩、夫西地酸、免疫抑制剂同时使用时,可增加肌溶解或急性肾功能衰竭的风险,不建议联合应用;另外,不建议与非诺贝特以外的贝特类药物联用,会增加横纹肌溶解风险

同样,阿托伐他汀在于与环抱素、红霉素、克拉霉素、贝丁酸类、纤维酸衍生物、伊曲康哩、烟酸、免疫抑制剂同时使用时,也可增加肌溶解和/或急性肾功能衰竭的风险,不建议联合应用与葡萄柚汁同服,增加阿托伐他汀的血浆浓度,会诱发一系列的副作用高纤维食物则可影响阿托伐他汀的吸收,降低疗效

瑞舒伐他汀不经细胞色素CYP3A4酶系代谢,与经过该酶系代谢的药物无显著相互作用。与吉非贝齐合用,可使吉非贝齐血药浓度增加120%,不建议联合应用。与避孕药合用,会增加避孕药血药浓度。瑞舒伐他汀禁用于同时接受环鞄素治疗的患者。另外,氟伐他汀主要经过CYP2C9代谢,与氟康唑等CYP2C9抑制剂合用应慎重

4、他汀的肌毒性和肝毒性

他汀最常见的副作用恶心、腹泻、皮疹、消化不良、瘙痒、脱发、关节痛、眩晕等,如不耐受可以停药。另外,肌肉综合症也经常出现,症状包括肌无力、肌肉痛,及时减少剂量或者中断他汀治疗,多数患者能在数周至数月内恢复正常

然而,他汀诱发横纹肌溶解症呈剂量依赖性,发生风险约为0.04%~0.2%,这是他汀最严重的副作用。横纹肌溶解会导致大量肌细胞损害,肌红蛋白填塞肾小管,导致急性肾功能衰竭,严重时会危及生命,需及时救治。

他汀对于肝脏的影响,我国血脂异常防治指南建议,他汀类药物治疗开始后4~8周复查肝功能,如无异常,则逐步调整为6~12个月复查1次;如AST或ALT超过3×ULN,应暂停给药,且仍需每周复查肝功能,直至恢复正常轻度肝酶水平升高(<3×ULN)并不是治疗的禁忌证,患者可以继续服用他汀类药物,部分患者升高的ALT可能会自行下降。

此外,他汀不良反应也包括罕见胰腺炎、外周神经病变、血管神经性水肿、脉管炎、血小板减少症、呼吸困难等,一旦发生需立即停药

参考资料

1.中华医学会,中华医学会临床药学分会,中华医学会杂志社,等.血脂异常基层合理用药指南[J].中华全科医师杂志, 2021, 20(1):5.

2.国家卫生计生委合理用药专家委员会,中国药师协会.冠心病合理用药指南(第2版)[J].中国医学前沿杂志:电子版, 2018, 10(6):130.

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    2023-07-17 ms6000000992763774 来自山西省

    他汀

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BMC cancer:他汀类药物治疗对接受抗PD-1单药治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者结局影响的倾向评分匹配分析:一项多中心回顾性研究

《自然》子刊:他汀不只是降脂!科学家发现,他汀可抑制“别吃我”信号,促进巨噬细胞清理凋亡细胞,缓解动脉粥样硬化

研究显示,他汀可不止会清理心血管中的“坏”胆固醇,还能帮忙清理“垃圾”细胞。