甲钴胺、硫辛酸、依帕司他......周围神经病变这样用药!

2022-05-20 网络综合 网络综合

当不同类别的神经功能被破坏时,就也将产生不同的临床症状。

正常状态下,各类神经各司其职,维护人体正常生理运动;而在基础疾病或药物影响下,周围神经受到影响时,就可能发生周围神经病变。当不同类别的神经功能被破坏时,就也将产生不同的临床症状(具体见下方)

 

感觉神经发生病变时,我们的主要体感就是感觉异常。

 

比如骨髓瘤疾病相关的感觉神经病变临床中我们的感受就是四肢末端麻木、有烧灼感等,症状通常较温和,但少数情况下可致残。神经根受压时也会产生不同程度的疼痛。

 

而在治疗药物相关的感觉神经病变中,病变多发展于手部、脚部这样四肢的远端,然后从远端向近端扩散,呈手套和长袜样分布。在治疗过程中,如果您感觉脚趾和手指的感觉减退(比如对痛觉、触觉、温觉的减退)、 感觉异常(比如感到麻木、冷热感、针刺感、蚁走感)和痛觉过敏(比如摸一张纸却感觉像被刀割一样疼痛)时,我们就可以警醒,这是感觉神经病变最常见的症状,可以及时告知治疗医生,以便后续观察。

 

运动神经发生病变在骨髓瘤治疗临床中发生的情况相对来说较少。

 

其往往发生于已有重度周围感觉神经病变的情况下,临床表现为肌肉痉挛、震颤、精细运动受损和行走不稳、肌萎缩或远端肌肉无力等。

 

自主神经也称植物神经(交感、副交感神经),分布在全身各器官,当它发生病变时,我们的体征症状和另外两种又有些不同。

 

在全身器官感觉方面,我们会感到体温调节和出汗异常

 

消化系统反应方面,我们会产生便秘、肠梗阻等症状;

 

在泌尿生殖系统中,会发生排尿障碍、尿潴留、性功能障碍等症状;

 

在心血管系统方面,会产生直立性低血压、晕厥等症状。

 

周围神经病变常用治疗药物有哪些?

 

图片

 

一、营养神经药物

 

甲钴胺又称甲基维生素B12,是维生素B12在体内的活性代谢产物。甲钴胺可促进神经细胞内核酸和蛋白质的合成,促进神经髓鞘和轴突再生,修复损伤的神经细胞,改善神经传导速度,广泛应用于临床周围神经病变等疾病的治疗。

 

糖尿病神经病变诊治专家共识(2021年版)推荐:甲钴胺针剂500~1000 μg/d肌内注射或静脉滴注2~4周,其后给予甲钴胺片500 μg,每日3次口服,疗程至少3个月。

 

二、抗氧化应激药物

 

α-硫辛酸一种强有力的抗氧化因子,能够通过抑制脂质过氧化,增加神经营养血管的血流量,提高神经 Na+-K+-ATP 酶活性,直接清除活性氧簇和自由基,保护血管内皮功能。α-硫辛酸 600 mg/d,疗程 3 个月;症状明显者先采用 α-硫辛酸针剂 600 mg/d 静脉滴注 2~4 周,其后 600 mg/d 口服序贯治疗。

 

三、抑制醛糖还原酶活性药物

 

依帕司他是一种醛糖还原酶抑制剂,能抑制多元醇通路异常、改善代谢紊乱,有效改善糖尿病神经病变的主观症状和神经传导速度,长期治疗可以有效改善糖尿病神经病变的症状,延缓疾病进展,尤其是对血糖控制良好、微血管病变轻微的患者。

 

成人剂量每次 50 mg,每日 3 次,于餐前口服,疗程至少 3 个月

 

四、改善微循环药物

 

前列腺素 E1能改善 DPN 症状、体征以及神经传导速度。

 

前列腺素 E1脂微球载体制剂 10 μg/d 静脉滴注 2 周,然后序贯给予贝前列腺素钠 20~40 μg,每日 2~3 次口服,连续治疗 8 周。

 

己酮可可碱通过抑制磷酸二酯酶活性使 cAMP 含量升高,扩张血管,改善微循环;并具有抗炎、抑制血小板黏附聚集和预防血栓生成作用。 

 

静脉注射或静脉缓慢滴注,一次 0.1~0.2 g,每日 1~2 次,每日最大剂量不应超过 0.4 g,连续使用 8 周;口服的缓释片每日 1~2 次,一次 0.4 g,连续使用 8 周。

 

胰激肽原酶能够扩张小动脉增加毛细血管血流量、激活纤溶酶、降低血液黏度、改善血液流变学和组织灌注。

 

每日 40 U,肌内注射,连续 10 d,然后隔天肌内注射一次,连续 20 d 作为一个疗程。口服制剂为 120~240 U/次,每日 3 次,疗程 3 个月。

 

巴曲酶具有降解纤维蛋白原,改善高凝、高黏状态和微循环障碍的作用。安全性较好,偶见注射部位止血延迟。


推荐用法:首次剂量 10 BU,以后隔日给予 5 BU,30 BU 为 1 个疗程,可有效改善麻木、冷感等症状及神经传导速度。

 

五、改善细胞能量代谢药物

 

乙酰左卡尼汀由肉碱乙酰转移酶催化生成,可促进细胞能量合成。其作用机制包括刺激脑内有氧代谢、减轻细胞氧化应激损伤、减轻细胞兴奋毒性作用等,并能通过减少突触的谷氨酸浓度起到减轻痛觉过敏的作用,与神经系统疾病关系紧密。


乙酰左卡尼汀能有效缓解糖尿病神经病变患者的疼痛,还可以改善其神经纤维再生和振动知觉,改善糖尿病神经病变患者神经电生理参数。该药安全性较好,不良反应少。

 

口服 250~500 mg,每日 2~3 次,疗程 6 个月

 

六、止痛药物

 

痛性 DPN 患者还需要应用止痛药物治疗。这些药物包括:


① 抗惊厥类药:普瑞巴林、加巴喷丁和卡马西平等

 

② 5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂:度洛西汀度

 

③ 三环类抗抑郁药:阿米替林

 

④ 阿片类药物:他喷他多和曲马多(由于成瘾性和安全问题,不作为一线或二线药物)

 

⑤ 局部用药:8% 辣椒素贴片、利多卡因贴剂

 

[1] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会神经并发症学组. 糖尿病神经病变诊治专家共识 (2021 年版). 中华内分泌代谢杂志, 2021,37(06).

[2] 朱谦, 樊碧发, 张达颖, 等. 周围神经病理性疼痛诊疗中国专家共识 [J]. 中国疼痛医学杂志, 2020(5).

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    学习了

    0

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    2022-05-22 axin012
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1748313, encodeId=faad1e4831354, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=15b33952464' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#周围神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39524, encryptionId=15b33952464, topicName=周围神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f00136108751, createdName=Smile2692, createdTime=Wed Apr 26 00:50:52 CST 2023, time=2023-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1221567, encodeId=a220122156e96, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220226/f73f0026212346d08cbefd29e427d3b5/87e7cfec87ac40d8ad99d344d98e9a32.jpg, createdBy=c38c6523737, createdName=邝医生, createdTime=Sun May 22 13:25:03 CST 2022, time=2022-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1491440, encodeId=4a6a14914407e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5316e4387aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74387, encryptionId=5316e4387aa, topicName=神经病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1ab48885684, createdName=axin012, createdTime=Sun May 22 08:50:52 CST 2022, time=2022-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1500432, encodeId=8abe1500432da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ecdfe438970' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74389, encryptionId=ecdfe438970, topicName=神经病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0ea69427176, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Sun May 22 08:50:52 CST 2022, time=2022-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1514093, encodeId=6593151409317, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ae596995efa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甲钴胺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69957, encryptionId=ae596995efa, topicName=甲钴胺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Sun May 22 08:50:52 CST 2022, time=2022-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1221332, encodeId=3ad91221332c9, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sat May 21 07:40:07 CST 2022, time=2022-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1221309, encodeId=0394122130965, content=签到学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211111/81c0b64745c644319545ec26d7ef0b34/9ddb2864d5df4dd9bf4305e380bffc96.jpg, createdBy=c7835705079, createdName=屋顶瞄爱赏月, createdTime=Fri May 20 23:54:25 CST 2022, time=2022-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1221281, encodeId=42c61221281d6, content=坚持学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210313/9df56058b3964a8cac82563f95f0389d/c1b478592e8e4463bef44d32712e98fd.jpg, createdBy=ea905324251, createdName=杨海东, createdTime=Fri May 20 21:17:06 CST 2022, time=2022-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2022-05-22 hb2008ye
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    2022-05-21 学医无涯

    学习一下

    0

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    2022-05-20 屋顶瞄爱赏月

    签到学习

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1748313, encodeId=faad1e4831354, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=15b33952464' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#周围神经#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39524, encryptionId=15b33952464, topicName=周围神经)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f00136108751, createdName=Smile2692, createdTime=Wed Apr 26 00:50:52 CST 2023, time=2023-04-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1221567, encodeId=a220122156e96, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220226/f73f0026212346d08cbefd29e427d3b5/87e7cfec87ac40d8ad99d344d98e9a32.jpg, createdBy=c38c6523737, createdName=邝医生, createdTime=Sun May 22 13:25:03 CST 2022, time=2022-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1491440, encodeId=4a6a14914407e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5316e4387aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经病#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74387, encryptionId=5316e4387aa, topicName=神经病)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1ab48885684, createdName=axin012, createdTime=Sun May 22 08:50:52 CST 2022, time=2022-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1500432, encodeId=8abe1500432da, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ecdfe438970' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#神经病变#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74389, encryptionId=ecdfe438970, topicName=神经病变)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0ea69427176, createdName=lingaifan, createdTime=Sun May 22 08:50:52 CST 2022, time=2022-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1514093, encodeId=6593151409317, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ae596995efa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#甲钴胺#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=69957, encryptionId=ae596995efa, topicName=甲钴胺)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=hb2008ye, createdTime=Sun May 22 08:50:52 CST 2022, time=2022-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1221332, encodeId=3ad91221332c9, content=学习一下, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b7a31928393, createdName=学医无涯, createdTime=Sat May 21 07:40:07 CST 2022, time=2022-05-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1221309, encodeId=0394122130965, content=签到学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20211111/81c0b64745c644319545ec26d7ef0b34/9ddb2864d5df4dd9bf4305e380bffc96.jpg, createdBy=c7835705079, createdName=屋顶瞄爱赏月, createdTime=Fri May 20 23:54:25 CST 2022, time=2022-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1221281, encodeId=42c61221281d6, content=坚持学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210313/9df56058b3964a8cac82563f95f0389d/c1b478592e8e4463bef44d32712e98fd.jpg, createdBy=ea905324251, createdName=杨海东, createdTime=Fri May 20 21:17:06 CST 2022, time=2022-05-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-05-20 杨海东

    坚持学习

    0