干货 I 消化系统疾病诊断公式,收藏起来慢慢记!

2022-07-02 医考之声 医考之声

收藏起来慢慢记~

消化系统疾病诊断公式
共同症状:腹痛、腹泻、恶心、呕吐、包块
1.胃食管反流病=反酸+胸骨后烧灼感+胃镜检查食管下段红色条样糜烂带(烧心、反酸、返食)
2.消化性溃疡
胃溃疡=慢性规律性上腹痛(饱餐后痛)+可有呕血黑便
十二指肠溃疡=饥饿时痛或夜间痛+可有呕血黑便
消化性溃疡穿孔=突发剧烈腹痛(腹膜炎体征)+X线膈下游离气体
3.食管胃底静脉曲张=既往肝病史+上消化道大出血
4.细菌性痢疾=不洁饮食+腹痛+粘液脓血便+里急后重
5.溃疡性结肠炎=左下腹痛+粘液脓血便+(便意、便后缓解)+抗生素无效
治疗:柳氮磺吡啶(SASP)
6.急性胰腺炎(水肿型)=暴饮暴食/慢性胆道病史+持续上腹疼痛+弯腰疼痛减轻+淀粉酶检测
急性胰腺炎(出血坏死型)=上述水肿型症状+腰腹部或脐周紫斑+腹穿洗肉水样液体+血糖高+血钙低
出血坏死型的血尿淀粉酶值不一定高,有时反而会下降。确诊时选CT,一周内测血淀粉酶,超过一周测脂肪酶。
7.幽门梗阻=呕吐宿食+振水音
8.肝硬化=肝炎病史+门脉高压(脾大+腹水+蜘蛛痣)+超声(肝脏缩小)
9.胆囊炎=阵发性右上腹绞痛+墨菲征阳性+恶心呕吐
10.胆石症=阵发性右上腹绞痛+墨菲征阳性+B超强回声光团、声影
11.急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎=夏柯三联征(腹痛+寒颤高热+黄疸)+休克表现+精神症状(如神情淡漠、昏迷)五联征。
12.急腹症
(1)阑尾炎=转移性右下腹痛+麦氏点压痛(胀痛、闷痛)+WBC升高
(2)肠梗阻:腹痛+吐+胀+闭+X线(液平)
病因:机械性和动力性  
血运:单纯性和绞窄性 
程度:完全性和不完全性
部位:高位和低位
(3)消化道穿孔=溃疡病史+突发上腹部剧痛+腹膜刺激征+膈下游离气体
(4)异位妊娠=阴道出血+停经史+下腹剧痛(宫颈举痛)+绒毛膜促性腺激素
(5)卵巢囊肿蒂扭转=体位变化+突发腹痛+囊性肿物
(6)急性盆腔炎=刮宫手术史+白带异常+下腹痛+下腹剧痛(宫颈举痛)+脓性分泌物
 
13.消化系统肿瘤
(1)胃癌=老年人+黑便+龛影+慢性溃疡疼痛规律改变+上腹痛+腹部包块+消瘦+左锁骨上淋巴结肿大
(2)食管癌=进行性吞咽困难(中晚期)+胸骨后烧灼样疼痛(早期)+进食哽咽感(早期)
(3)肝癌=肝炎病史+肝区疼痛+AFP升高+肝大质硬+腹水黄疸+B超占位
(4)直肠癌=直肠刺激症状+指诊带血+脓血便+消瘦+大便变形
(5)胰腺癌(胰头癌、壶腹周围癌)=老年人+无痛进行性加重黄疸+陶土色大便+皮肤瘙痒
(6)结肠癌=老年人+消瘦+排便习惯改变+CEA+腹部肿块
  
14.肛门、直肠良性病变
(1)内痔=无痛性血便+便带鲜血+静脉样团块
(2)外痔=肛门疼痛+便鲜血+肛门口触痛肿物
(3)肛裂=便时便后肛门剧痛+肛门裂口
15.腹部闭合性损伤
肾损伤=腰部损伤+血尿
肝破裂=右腹部外伤+腹膜刺激征+移动性浊音
脾破裂=左腹部外伤+全腹痛+腹腔内出血
肠破裂=腹中部外伤+腹膜刺激征+穿刺淡黄色液体
16.腹外疝(斜疝)=老年男性+腹压增加+右下腹肿物+进入阴囊

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