地高辛、左西孟旦、米力农……正性肌力药物全面总结!

2022-01-17 samll year & rayms MedSci原创

请收下这份超全总结!

正性肌力药物可以有效稳定血流动力学状态,快速缓解心力衰竭症状,是急性心力衰竭治疗的重要手段。然而,如何正确应用正性肌力药物,已成为临床中的重中之重。本文,就目前临床广泛引用的正性肌力药物进行盘点,以分享给各位同道。

目前,正性肌力药包括洋地黄类、β肾上腺受体激动剂、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂和钙离子增敏剂。另外,血管收缩药物如去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素等,具有正性肌力活性。

1、洋地黄类

洋地黄类主要包括地高辛、去乙酰毛花苷、洋地黄毒苷、毒毛花苷 K。洋地黄类通过抑制Na+/K+-ATP酶,使细胞内Na+水平升高,促进Na+-Ca2+交换,提高细胞内钙离子水平,从而发挥正性肌力作用。

2018 年中国心衰指南指出:洋地黄类药物主要适应证是房颤伴快速心室率 (>110/min)的急性心力衰竭患者,且强调使用时应用小剂量及监测浓度。

01 地高辛

用法用量:用于控制伴有快速心室率的心房颤动。

1)口服:常规 0.1250.25 mg/ 。小剂量0.0625mg/天或 0.125mg隔日用药

2)静脉注射:常用量0.25 mg/ ,用 5 % 葡萄糖注射液稀释后缓慢注射 ,每日总量不超过1mg

02 去乙酰毛花苷

用法用量:用于急性心力衰竭或慢性心力衰竭急性加重的治疗。

1)成人常用量:用5%葡萄糖注射液稀释后缓慢注射,首剂 0.4~0.6 mg,以后每 2~4 小时可再给 0.2~0.4 mg,总量1~1.6 mg

2)小儿常用量:按下列剂量分 2~3 次间隔 3~ 4 h 给予。早产儿和足月新生儿或肾功能减退、心肌炎患儿,肌内或静脉注射按体重 0.022 mg/kg 2~3岁,按体重0.025 mg/kg。静脉注射获满意疗 效后,可改用地高辛常用维持量以保持疗效。

3)特殊人群用药:老年人需减少剂量;可通过胎盘,故妊娠后期母体用量可能适当增加,分娩后 6周减量。

禁忌证:预激综合征伴心房颤动或扑动;任 何强心苷制剂中毒;室性心动过速;心室颤动;梗阻 性肥厚型心肌病(若伴收缩功能不全或心房颤动仍 可考虑)。

2β肾上腺受体激动剂

β肾上腺受体激动剂包括多巴胺和多巴酚丁胺等,通过与心脏细胞膜上的β受体结合,G蛋白偶联激活腺 苷酸活化酶,催化ATP生成cAMP,促使L型钙通道Ca2+内流 增加,提高细胞内钙离子水平,从而增强心肌收缩力。

01 多巴胺

多巴胺是合成去甲基肾上腺素的前体,药理作用随剂量不同发挥效果不同,中等剂量增强心肌收缩力和心输出量,大剂量时出现缩血管作用,升压作用明显,同时也增加了左 心室后负荷,增加心肌耗氧量。

用法用量:用于心力衰竭引起的休克综合征;补充血容量后休克仍不能纠正者,尤其有少尿及周围血管阻力正常或较低的休克;也用于洋地黄和利尿剂无效的心功能不全。

1)静脉滴注,起始剂量为 1~5 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 10 min 内以 1~4 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 速度递增,以达到最 大疗效。

2)慢性 0.5~ 2 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 静脉滴注,逐渐递增。多数患者按 1~3 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 给予即可生效。

3)危重病例起始剂量为 5 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 静脉 ,然 5~10 µg·kg-1 ·min‐1 20~50 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 ,以达到满意效应。或本品 20 mg 5% 葡萄糖注射液 200~300 ml中静脉滴注,开始 时按75~100 µg/min滴入,以后根据血压情况,可加快速度和加大浓度,但最大剂量不超过500 µg/min

禁忌证:嗜铬细胞瘤、快速性心律失常、对多 巴胺及其他拟交感胺类药高度敏感者。

02 多巴酚丁胺

多巴酚丁胺有较强的正性肌力作用,同时对外周血管有轻度扩张作用,故升高血压 作用不明显,加快心率的效应比多巴胺小。

用法用量:用于心力衰竭的治疗。

1)将多巴酚丁胺加于5%葡萄糖液或0.9% 化钠注射液中稀释后,以滴速 2.5~10 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 给予。 剂量<15 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 时,心率和外周血管阻 力基本无变化;偶用>15 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 ,但需注意过 大剂量仍然有可能加速心率并产生心律失常。

2)特殊人群用药:在儿童中使用盐酸多巴酚 丁胺必须进行严密监测;多巴酚丁胺在老年人中研 究尚未进行,但应用预期不受限制;妊娠及哺乳期 妇女应用时必须权衡利弊。

3、磷酸二酯酶抑制剂

磷酸二酯酶抑制剂通过抑制磷酸二酯酶活性促进Ca2+通道膜蛋白磷酸化, Ca2+内流增加,从而增强心肌收缩力,同时促进Ca2+ 出血管平滑肌细胞,改善舒张功能,故具有双向改善心功 能作用,而且不增加心肌耗氧量。另外,能够扩张动静脉 血管,降低心脏前后负荷,扩张肾血管,具有轻度利尿作用,尤其适用于心衰合并肺动脉高压的治疗。

01 米力农

用法用量:用于对洋地黄、利尿药、血管扩张 剂治疗无效或欠佳的急、慢性顽固性心力衰竭的治疗。

1)首剂负荷剂量为 25~75 µg/kg,静脉注射, 10 min内注入;继以0.375~0.750 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 脉滴注维持。

2)特殊人群用药:肾功能损伤显著延长米力 农的终末消除半衰期,合并肾功能不全的患者需减 慢输液速度;老年人无需采用特殊剂量。

2018年中国心衰指南, 将米力农仍进行Ⅱb级别推荐,还去除了对米力农增加死亡 率的描述。还推荐米力农用于心脏移植、严重肺动脉高压患者。

4、钙离子增敏剂

钙离子增敏剂通过与心肌肌钙蛋白 C结合,增加肌丝对钙的敏感性从而增强心肌收缩,钙增 敏作用呈钙离子的依赖性,在心肌舒张期,钙离子浓度下 降,左西孟旦从肌钙蛋白C上解离,钙增敏作用消失,从 而不会影响心肌舒张功能,也就不会引起心肌细胞的钙超 载,不会引发一系列的副作用。而且还通过介导ATP敏感的 钾通道,扩张冠状动脉和外周血管,减轻心肌缺血,改善心肌顿抑。

01 左西孟旦

用法用量:左西孟旦主要用于传统治疗(利尿剂、血管转换酶抑 制剂和洋地黄类)疗效不佳,需要增加心肌收缩力 的急性失代偿心力衰竭的短期治疗。

1)给药前需稀释。仅用于静脉输注,可通过 外周或中央静脉输注给药。初始负荷剂量为 6 12 µg/kg,时间应>10 min,之后应持续输注 0.1 µg·kg-1 ·min-1 。在负荷剂量给药时以及持续给药 开始 3060 min 内,应观察患者的反应,根据患者 反应调整剂量。治疗过程中必须对心电图、血压、 心率进行监测,同时测定尿量。

2)特殊人群用药:孕妇使用时应权衡利弊后 再使用;哺乳期妇女在输注左西孟旦后14 d内不可 进行授乳。左西孟旦不能用于儿童或18岁以下青 少年。老年患者使用,无须调整剂量。

禁忌证:对左西孟旦或其他任何辅料过敏者;显著影响心室充盈或/和射血功能的机械性阻 塞性疾病;严重的肝、肾(肌酸酐清除率<30 ml/min 功能损伤的患者;严重低血压和心动过速患者;有尖端扭转型室性心动过速病史的患者。

综上,各种正性肌力药的药理机制、禁忌证等各不相同。正确使用正性肌力药,将会带来更好临床效益。

参考资料

1,孟丹, 李鹏, 黄雄,等. 中国心衰指南对正性肌力药的临床应用推荐[J]. 中西医结合心血管病电子杂志, 2019, 7(30):2.

2,中华医学会, 中华医学会临床药学分会, 中华医学会杂志社,等. 慢性心力衰竭基层合理用药指南[J]. 中华全科医师杂志, 2021, 20(1):8.

3,贾修彤. 正性肌力药物在心力衰竭患者中的应用进展[J]. 实用心脑肺血管病杂志, 2021, 29(10):4.

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    2022-01-18 ms5900475351047213

    学习了

    0

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    2022-01-18 355366180

    不错

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1720725, encodeId=a48f1e20725c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=751c63248ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#正性肌力药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63248, encryptionId=751c63248ff, topicName=正性肌力药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb9032955871, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Sun Nov 27 16:29:39 CST 2022, time=2022-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1776180, encodeId=25c51e7618057, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=11ade6089e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#米力农#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76089, encryptionId=11ade6089e9, topicName=米力农)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=441c38877347, createdName=lancelotzzl, createdTime=Sat Oct 01 18:29:39 CST 2022, time=2022-10-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1390701, encodeId=3eea1390e011a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=74b24141445' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#地高辛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41414, encryptionId=74b24141445, topicName=地高辛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/lGEyfsKnIkkH93xUPMrUUycLh2XOfJJsphwPsVqDx8somSOepIFy9QE0MVAwDW3AS7V1epJ4tbPL9ADJLicvm8A/132, createdBy=b5132500067, createdName=ms55066533437992, createdTime=Wed Jan 19 07:29:39 CST 2022, time=2022-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185633, encodeId=3bc2118563331, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=12eb1909139, createdName=ms5900475351047213, createdTime=Tue Jan 18 15:22:46 CST 2022, time=2022-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185504, encodeId=cf9211855047a, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201126/cd191656b97f470781c0bd36448d9422/aa9a30b60c6646ad94bf6f39648feb47.jpg, createdBy=58b01524016, createdName=355366180, createdTime=Tue Jan 18 09:03:30 CST 2022, time=2022-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185382, encodeId=20b91185382cf, content=学习<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a1646442901, createdName=ms4000001513304915, createdTime=Mon Jan 17 23:30:36 CST 2022, time=2022-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185310, encodeId=18af118531082, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a8f76470966, createdName=ms4000001312136633, createdTime=Mon Jan 17 20:36:45 CST 2022, time=2022-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185280, encodeId=efb31185280c6, content=收获满满, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6f865475954, createdName=ms3000001627599051, createdTime=Mon Jan 17 19:13:12 CST 2022, time=2022-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-01-17 ms4000001513304915

    学习#学习#

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1720725, encodeId=a48f1e20725c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=751c63248ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#正性肌力药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63248, encryptionId=751c63248ff, topicName=正性肌力药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb9032955871, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Sun Nov 27 16:29:39 CST 2022, time=2022-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1776180, encodeId=25c51e7618057, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=11ade6089e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#米力农#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76089, encryptionId=11ade6089e9, topicName=米力农)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=441c38877347, createdName=lancelotzzl, createdTime=Sat Oct 01 18:29:39 CST 2022, time=2022-10-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1390701, encodeId=3eea1390e011a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=74b24141445' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#地高辛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41414, encryptionId=74b24141445, topicName=地高辛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/lGEyfsKnIkkH93xUPMrUUycLh2XOfJJsphwPsVqDx8somSOepIFy9QE0MVAwDW3AS7V1epJ4tbPL9ADJLicvm8A/132, createdBy=b5132500067, createdName=ms55066533437992, createdTime=Wed Jan 19 07:29:39 CST 2022, time=2022-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185633, encodeId=3bc2118563331, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=12eb1909139, createdName=ms5900475351047213, createdTime=Tue Jan 18 15:22:46 CST 2022, time=2022-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185504, encodeId=cf9211855047a, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201126/cd191656b97f470781c0bd36448d9422/aa9a30b60c6646ad94bf6f39648feb47.jpg, createdBy=58b01524016, createdName=355366180, createdTime=Tue Jan 18 09:03:30 CST 2022, time=2022-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185382, encodeId=20b91185382cf, content=学习<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a1646442901, createdName=ms4000001513304915, createdTime=Mon Jan 17 23:30:36 CST 2022, time=2022-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185310, encodeId=18af118531082, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a8f76470966, createdName=ms4000001312136633, createdTime=Mon Jan 17 20:36:45 CST 2022, time=2022-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185280, encodeId=efb31185280c6, content=收获满满, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6f865475954, createdName=ms3000001627599051, createdTime=Mon Jan 17 19:13:12 CST 2022, time=2022-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-01-17 ms4000001312136633

    学习了

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1720725, encodeId=a48f1e20725c5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=751c63248ff' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#正性肌力药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63248, encryptionId=751c63248ff, topicName=正性肌力药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fb9032955871, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Sun Nov 27 16:29:39 CST 2022, time=2022-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1776180, encodeId=25c51e7618057, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=11ade6089e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#米力农#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76089, encryptionId=11ade6089e9, topicName=米力农)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=441c38877347, createdName=lancelotzzl, createdTime=Sat Oct 01 18:29:39 CST 2022, time=2022-10-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1390701, encodeId=3eea1390e011a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=74b24141445' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#地高辛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=41414, encryptionId=74b24141445, topicName=地高辛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/lGEyfsKnIkkH93xUPMrUUycLh2XOfJJsphwPsVqDx8somSOepIFy9QE0MVAwDW3AS7V1epJ4tbPL9ADJLicvm8A/132, createdBy=b5132500067, createdName=ms55066533437992, createdTime=Wed Jan 19 07:29:39 CST 2022, time=2022-01-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185633, encodeId=3bc2118563331, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=12eb1909139, createdName=ms5900475351047213, createdTime=Tue Jan 18 15:22:46 CST 2022, time=2022-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185504, encodeId=cf9211855047a, content=不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201126/cd191656b97f470781c0bd36448d9422/aa9a30b60c6646ad94bf6f39648feb47.jpg, createdBy=58b01524016, createdName=355366180, createdTime=Tue Jan 18 09:03:30 CST 2022, time=2022-01-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185382, encodeId=20b91185382cf, content=学习<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a1646442901, createdName=ms4000001513304915, createdTime=Mon Jan 17 23:30:36 CST 2022, time=2022-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185310, encodeId=18af118531082, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a8f76470966, createdName=ms4000001312136633, createdTime=Mon Jan 17 20:36:45 CST 2022, time=2022-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1185280, encodeId=efb31185280c6, content=收获满满, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=6f865475954, createdName=ms3000001627599051, createdTime=Mon Jan 17 19:13:12 CST 2022, time=2022-01-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-01-17 ms3000001627599051

    收获满满

    0

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